The Necklace Short Story - 1142 Words

Living in a dream The short story The Necklace was written by a French writer named Guy de Maupassant. This story takes place in the late 1880s in France. In this time, there wasn’t any such thing as middle class, only the rich and the poor. The women married young and mated with whomever that appeared to be in their social class and stayed at home while the men worked and provide. The necklace was a symbolism of something that was considered priceless and caused this family to sacrifice their own dreams and goals to portray a false hope to others and themselves. I chose this particular passage because it reminds me a lot of myself. As a married woman, I know how we can easily manipulate men to get what we want. Many people today,†¦show more content†¦She hurried away because she was embarrassed that she didn’t have an expensive fur like the other women as if everything else he did for her wasn’t enough. This passage represents two different them es to me. One theme was greed and how it could make a person become so selfish and want to manipulate the ones that love them just so they can get ahead in life. Mathilde Loisel manipulated her husband just so she could enjoy this one night and didn’t care how much of a bind it would put him in. Her husband gets an invite to this party to cheer her up and she just had to have the best dress and the best jewels just to fake and portray her wealth because she felt like they weren’t good enough. The second theme to me was perception. Like the saying says, â€Å"perception is the key†, She was obsessed with looking the part and not being considered un wealthy to the patrons at the party. All she wants to do is escape from her normality and knows what it felt to be wealthy just for the night. She hated her life and dreamed for it to be more glamorous. Both of these themes were significant to the story as a whole because greed was the reason she becomes very p oor and was the cause of her downfall. Her wanting to give off a certain perception of wealth to people she was never going to cross paths withShow MoreRelatedThe Necklace Short Story889 Words   |  4 Pageshandling truth is right or wrong and everyone will react differently to a situation. Nevertheless, there are better and worse ways of handling it. A example of someone poorly handing the truth can be found within the short story â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant. In the story, Mme. Loisel, a main character, refuses to accept that she is not a wealthy and extravagant woman, this causes her to be depressed about her life and consistently, causes her to live within a reality she has fabricated forRead MoreThe Necklace Short Story1468 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The necklace† was written in French and published in a French newspaper in 1884. Maupassant wrote the short story about a young married women, who is a fantasist, certain that she should be living a complete different lifestyle. Regardless of the period it was written, portrays Matilde as being a jealous egotist who lives her life through self-delusion and self-pity which are all timeless and universal themes. The presentation of women is very particular, if you weren’t a rich women you wouldn’tRead MoreThe Necklace Short Story897 Words à ‚  |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant resonates the theme of humility and serves the meaning of being happy with who you are, and to be grateful for the things you have in your life. Throughout the short story, we are shown how unhappy the main protagonist Mathilde is constantly in her daily life. Even though she has everything that allows her to be comfortable, such as having a house servant and a husband who supports her, she is dissatisfied with her status and wealth. Mathilde is unappreciativeRead MoreThe Necklace Short Story762 Words   |  4 PagesA Brief Summary of â€Å"The Necklace† In the story â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant, lives a young lady named Madame Loisel who lives an unhappy existence. Her husband tries to lift her depressed spirits by obtaining an invitation to the most luxurious of balls. She remains discouraged about going because she feels she does not have the right dress and believes her wardrobe is not fancy enough, so she insists that she cannot go. Her husband gives her enough money to buy a beautiful dress. Still unhappyRead MoreThe Necklace And The Bet Short Story867 Words   |  4 Pages Have you ever read an intense short story? Well both â€Å"The Necklace† and â€Å"The Bet† are the most intense short stories ever. Both authors from both passages explain the dialogue by discovering new aspects of the passages. In â€Å"The Necklace† written by Guy de Maupassant (1884), is about how a character called Mathilde that loses one of her friends necklace, that was a fake, and spends the next 10 years paying it off. On the other hand â€Å"The Bet† written by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1889) is about aRead MoreThe Necklace Short Story Essay713 Words   |  3 Pagescharacters through their similarities and their differences. In the short stories â€Å"The Necklace,† written by Guy de Maupassant, and â€Å"The Gift of the Magi,† written by O’Henry, readers can find many differences and similarities between their main characters. Della is the protagonist of the short story, â€Å"The Gift of the Magi.† Madame Loisel, also known as Mathilde, is the protagonist of the short story â€Å"The Necklace.† Both of these stories take place in past times and occur to poverty-stricken familiesRead MoreMadame Forestier And The Necklace Short Story978 Words   |  4 PagesMadame Liosel was furious at this statement. â€Å"Me and my husband have lived in poverty and work so hard to replace your necklace and you are saying yours was a fake?† Madame Forestier with her deepest sorrow said â€Å"yes†. Madame Liosel got so mad she graded the vase next to her and whacked Madame Forestier in the head. Madame Forestier was out cold, Madame Liosel not sure what to do stole a new set of clothes and all the jewelry she possibly carry. Madame Liosel took a cab to the jeweler where sheRead MoreGuy De Maupassant The Necklace. In The Short Story By Guy1113 Words   |  5 Pages Guy De Maupassant The Necklace In the short story by   Guy de Maupassant The Necklace A young beautiful maiden longing for the finer things in life becomes her greatest downfall. Whereas losing everything can make you bitter., greediness can sometimes lead forced humbleness.    The author of the story introduces us to Mathilde. She is the focus of the story. Noted for her beauty, she often dreamt as many do of being born in the wrong family. The setting of the story tells us that this fair maidenRead MoreAn Ironic, Witty Short Story by Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace1023 Words   |  5 PagesGuy de Maupassant is considered to be one of the fathers of short stories, he is a French author who lived in the 19th century. Born in 1850 at the Chateau de Miromesnil in France, to a lone literary mother who passed on her passion for books to Guy. The author’s writing style is characterized by economy of style, brilliant irony and elegant denouement. Maupassant wrote over 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and a volume of verse. Maupassant incorporated genres such as realism andRead MoreTwo Great Short Stories Read by Many are A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and The Necklace by Guy De Maupassan583 Words   |  3 PagesTwo of the great est short stories written back in late 19th and early 20th centuries are still read by many people. The two stories are â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner and Guy De Maupassant’s â€Å"The Necklace†. Faulkner’s book is about a woman named Emily Grierson’s life and her horrible secret she hides. The other book is about a materialistic woman named Mathilde Loisel loses a fake necklace and find out to be a fake one after ten years later. Although these stories are written about

Interracial Relations and Marriages Essays - 2369 Words

Interracial Relations and Marriages Outline Thesis statement,: The United States has witnessed a considerable social and cultural desegregation of Black and Caucasian Americans. However, despite years of desegregation, racial and cultural differences still exist. I show these differences still exist in the institution of marriage. 1. Americans have been and are continually moving slowly away from segregation. A. Since the 1960s Blacks have been allowed to move into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. B. Integration on campuses is now more apparent then ever before. 1. Students cat together. 2. Students study together, C. Black and Caucasian issues have converged. 11, notwithstanding these examples of desegregation, there are†¦show more content†¦Americans have been and are continually moving slowly away from segregation. In the past forty years a multitude of changes have transformed schools, jobs, voting booths, neighborhoods, hotels, restaurants and even the wedding altar, facilitating tolerance for racial diversity ( Norman 108 ). Since the 1960s, when housing discrimination was outlawed, many Blacks moved into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. The steadily growing areas in the west and south-west are least segregated, because these areas never had the entrenched Black and Caucasian sections of town ( Up For separatist 30 ). Even more visible signs of desegregation can be seen in the areas of education. A study done by the University of Michigan shows that int egration on campuses occur on a regular basis. The racial line are crossed routinely; about 50% of Blacks and 15% of Caucasians reportedly study together. Eating patterns also share the same similarities. At a social level there has been a steady convergence of opinion on a variety of racial issues. Since 1972, surveys have asked whether the respondent would favor a law making inter-racial marriages illegal. In 11980 the results showed that 3 0, I% of Caucasians and 18.3% of Blacks favor such a law. By 1994, the collected data showed 14.7% and 3.2% respectively. Similar trends have also been observed in busing and even integrated social clubs ( Up For Separatist 3 0 ). A simple analysisShow MoreRelated Interracial Relations and Marriages Essay example2303 Words   |  10 PagesInterracial Relations and Marriages Outline Thesis statement,: The United States has witnessed a considerable social and cultural desegregation of Black and Caucasian Americans. However, despite years of desegregation, racial and cultural differences still exist. I show these differences still exist in the institution of marriage. 1. Americans have been and are continually moving slowly away from segregation. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 1960s Blacks have been allowed to move into mainly CaucasianRead MoreMigratory Implications Of Media On Interracial Relationships1641 Words   |  7 Pages Migratory Implications in Media on Interracial Relationships James M. Oscher Jr. University of Nevada – Las Vegas â€Æ' Migratory Implications in Media on Interracial Relationships Just over 50 years ago the United States Supreme Court overturned and nationalized the ruling on interracial marriage. Since then there has been an ever increasing amount of interracial marriages, along with interracial relationships. Since then there also has been a greater increase in the public being exposed toRead MoreEssay about Interracial Marriage 913 Words   |  4 PagesInterracial marriage also known as mixed marriage, miscegenation, exogamy, and multiracial, is a marriage between members of different races. It was just 44 years ago that interracial marriage was made fully legal throughout the United States, and it is becoming more common for members to marry outside of ones’ own race. The growth of interracial marriages in the United States corresponds with changes in the legal status of interracial marriages and what some would consider, little, but some changingRead MoreInterracial Relationships Sex and Marriage Essay976 Words   |  4 Pages In the modern wo rld today, there are still people that are bigots who view interracial relationships and marriage as undesirable. However, the view is contentious given that the law that allows interracial relationships and marriages was enacted in 1960. Before then, it was prohibited and against the law to have a relationship with someone from a different race let alone getting married to them. Basing this context from the film Jungle Fever that tries to describe a non-healthy relationship betweenRead MoreAnalysis Of Chester Himess If He Hollers Let Him Go1268 Words   |  6 Pagesmind, for a white woman and a black man to be in a relationship was completely unacceptable. There were exceptions for any interracial couples. The memoir by Lillian Smith, â€Å"Killers of The Dream† also discussed the sexual tension between blacks and whites. In the 1940’s sex was already taboo to begin with. Since racial tension was also a very sensitive in that time, interracial sex was close to impos sible. The sexual tension between Bob and Madge throughout If He Hollers Let Him Go Both authors talkRead MoreAmerican Government733 Words   |  3 Pagesstatement on the fortieth-anniversary of her case in which she urged that same-sex couples be allowed to marry. Q. Are the two issues—laws prohibiting interracial marriage and laws prohibiting same-sex marriage—similar? Why or why not? I believe laws prohibiting interracial marriage and laws prohibiting same-sex marriage are similar. Marriage is a unique bond between a man and a woman, who agree to live together and fulfill each others moral and physical demands. However, such a bondage betweenRead MoreThe History and Patterns of Interracial Marriage and Families in the United States1229 Words   |  5 Pagesan interracial family, as well as an interracial romantic relationship, I was drawn toward researching the history and patterns of interracial marriage and families in the United States. Having the social experiences involved with dating exogamously or having interethnic siblings and cousins can drastically affect the way one interacts with and sees the world. As early as 1691, colonial-era United States established anti-miscegenation laws banning blacks and whites from interracial marriage andRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Day College Students And Working Members Of Society1321 Words   |  6 Pages Living in the United States means living with diversity. A historically controversial topic that comes with diversity is interracial couples. Having only been made legal in 1967 by the United States Supreme Court ruling in the Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, there are still prominent parts of society that took down upon mixed raced couples. (Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1967) This research paper is designed to show data collected from ___ interviews from participants of a variety of ages andRead MoreDating Patterns Among College Students Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesto dating say sixty or even eighty years ago. Dating trends today, such as cohabitation, would be considered insanity or chaos if these patterns were displayed in the 192 0’s. Today the majority of persons who date are seeking the outcome of a marriage (although research does not agree with this). Eighty years ago, people dated for fun, pleasure, and recreation (Schwartz 116), and only â€Å"popular† people dated (Waller 1937), dating was a rarity, and limited to people in their late teen years orRead MoreInterracial Relationships1553 Words   |  7 Pagesleads to many people wondering how and when black and white racism will end in America. Many solutions have been suggested, and one of the various solutions is black and white interracial relationships. Such relationships have recently been successful in the 21st century, which leads us to the definitive question: can interracial relationships help reduce black and white racism in the 21st century? Background of Situation In the earlier days of the 20th century, racism was largely black and white; today

Nomadic Societies Free Essays

They developed by adapting to the ecological conditions of their arid lands. Due to the lack of rain in central Asia they are not able to support large scale agriculture. The Nomadic people would bring their herds of animals to lands that actually had large amounts of grass, and stubs so that they could graze. We will write a custom essay sample on Nomadic Societies or any similar topic only for you Order Now They lived off of only meat, milk, and the hides of their animals. They used animal bones for tools and animal feces for fuel. Classify their interaction with the sedentary states. Their interaction with the sedentary states was mostly throughout trade and â€Å"they sometimes even adopted aspects of secondary cultures, and acted as intermediaries between settled worlds. † (Sanders, Nelson, Morillo, Ellenberger, 2006, p. 181) Was it always hostile? No, they were not always hostile while interacting with others and they had a very strong military. Because they had such a strong worriers they were able to seize the wealth of settled societies they then were able to build imperial states in the regions surrounding central Asia. How were they viewed differently? * A first century BCE description of the Xiongnu, the archetypal nomadic peoples of the Chinese world. * A late fourth century Roman view of the Huns. * One of the barbarian groups that invaded the Roman Empire. description of the steppe nomads by the tenth-century Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus that reflects both Byzantine experience and the classical legacy of Greek and Roman views and terms * Ibn-Al-Athir gives us an early –thirteenth-century Muslim view of the Mongol attacks on the Islamic World, and Marco Polo, a European who lived for years at the Mongol court, gives us something of an â€Å"outside insiders† view of Mongol life. (Sanders, Nelson, Morillo, Ellenberger, 2006, p. 181) They also normally did little governing seeing how clans and tribes pretty uch looked out for themselves. And they were known to have a very strong military. Analyze the Mongol empire. The nomadic Mongols lived on the high steppe lands of eastern central Asia they displayed deep loyalty to kin groups organized into families, clans, and tribes. They were allies with Turkish people who had built empires on the steppes. They were unable to establish strong stable society on a large scale due to their loyalties to kinship groups. What kind of a leader was Chinggis (Ghenghis) Khan? He mastered the art of steppe diplomacy which called for displays of personal courage in battle, combined with intense loyalty to allies, a willingness to betray others to improve one’s position, and the ability to entice other tribes into cooperative relationships. In 1206 a group of Mongol leaders recognized Temujin supremacy by proclaiming him Chinggis was known as a universal leader. † (Bentley, Ziegler, Streets, 2008, p. 272) Why did the empire decline? The empire then declined due to serious difficulties governing Persia and China. In Persia they had cases of excessive spending which strained the treasury, and overexploitation of the peasantry led to reduced revenues. They tried to fix their mess by creating paper money in the 1290’s but the merchants refused to accept paper, they thought it was worthless. Then when the last Mongol ruler pasted away in 1335 there was no heir the ilkhanate collapsed. What overall effect did the Mongols have on the eastern world? Even though the Mongols came to an end it was not the end of the nomadic peoples influence on Eurasia. The Turkish people resumed the expansive campaigns that the Mongols had interrupted. How to cite Nomadic Societies, Essay examples

Leadership Narrative Case Study

Question: Discuss about theLeadershipfor Narrative Case Study. Answer: Narrative Case Study In each great school, there are instructors whose vision reach out past their classroom offices or maybe groups. They perceive that the understudies school encounters rely on upon the assets and participation that exists at the school and the teachers (Northouse, 2015). The following case highlights how I encountered a dilemma as a principal of little scholars school and the decision I made to address the problem. Little scholar Centre has continually shaped and bolstered the lives of kids by giving the best trainings and rules to them. Being the premier of the school, I have always fixated towards on the best energy of the youths. As the school vital, my work required to be a visionary and a competency individual towards guiding the right decision to the understudies, teachers and the accomplices essentially the gatekeepers. As far back as couple of years the school had not being doing commendably, consequently there were changes that ought to have been made to upgrade the execution of the kids. Being the key, I expected to figure a course of action of movement to help the youngsters who were not doing awesome. The plan was to show inductive learning in the school with a specific end goal to support the children as they develop. The school needed to build on few classroom and buy equipment such as play games, which would be quiet expensive to acquire. Nonetheless, I was faced with the dilemma if the parents would buy the idea and if they refuse, the learning of the children will continue to be affected. I called for a parent meeting and presented the idea to them since I valued the education of these children (Chiu, Owens Tesluk, 2016). Some of the parents did not buy the idea as they thought it was a plan for the school to take their money. I tried again to explain on the benefits as to why this type of learning would be beneficial on the learning processes of the children. This kind of learning helps the learners to use practical examples in the actual clas sroom learning through the various games such as counting. The decision to suggest to this kind of learning laid on the circumstances at the time, children were not doing well, and also this kind of learning was used by Educare learning Centre which was our competitor and they were doing very well (Coelli Green, 2012). The parents needed to be on board with the plan since the issue essentially influenced them as they are putting a considerable measure in the children from the expenses they contribute (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016). After a protracted talking about the advantage on the program all, the parent purchased on the thought and we consented to begin on the venture. Analysis To dissect looking into the case above there would be utilization of the leadership theories these are; situational leadership and behavioral theory, the key components of the speculations of these theories is as follows. Behavioral Theory The principle component of the hypothesis is that the human lead can be insightful. It is worries on the recognizable and the quantifiable parts of the human direct, subsequently if the lead get the opportunity to be forbidden it can be unlearned (Idiotic, 2014). The honest to goodness part of the hypothesis is that are the things we can see and watch. We can see the how individuals act, react and go ahead and from these practices, determinations can be made as for the cerebrum. The Theory of Situational This activity hypothesis suggests there is no single organization style, which is the best. Everything depend on upon a given situation inside reach at the time and the best sort of power and methods that could be most suitable at the time (Silly, 2014). The best pioneers are the individual who can adjust on their style to the circumstance and take a gander at the signs that would contribute on taking care of business. Breaks Down Utilizing the Theories on the Case The behavioral theory is appropriate for the situation in that the vital throughout the years have seen on the execution of the youngsters and learned on their shortcomings. Through this, there can be improvement procedure to help them perform better (Einarsen, Aasland and Skogstad, 2016). The positives on the utilization of the theory to the leaders can create a general approach utilized for assortment of setting to explaining the issue. The pioneer can watch how other individuals how they act, respond and act. The main negative is of the theory is not worried on the brain of the person to figure out how to comprehend the reason for the anomalous conduct displayed from them rather it speaks to just certain educated propensities. The chief for this situation ought to have examined on the genuine reason for the issue that is making the children execution to crumble through liaising on the educators concerned. Situational Theory Analyzing on this Issue This situational theory can be connected looking into it through use of techniques most appropriate on the circumstance. For the situation, the key selected the utilization of inductive learning as the best decision in view of the current circumstance, which was poor performance of the children. He had watched the adequacy of the technique from their rival school and the strategy was a win. A decent pioneer involves a person who has diverse utilization of styles relying upon a circumstance. The significant preferred standpoint on this theory is that one can use frameworks that best suits a given situation (Story, 2016). The shortcoming that I find on the hypothesis is that the strategy used may not be most suitable for the condition, there is prerequisite for meeting with various accomplices on the issue and find the best course of action that would not affect them oppositely (Aydin, Sarier and Uysal, 2013). The fundamental on this case could have advised the educators and the parent s and together accompany an arrangement of activity most appropriate to help the children instead of figuring the arrangement alone. The choice that he made influenced the stakeholders in that some of the parents did not have money to add to the venture. In any case, there was need to help the childrens to perform better as other school were representing an extraordinary rivalry to the school. References Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., Uysal, S. (2013). The Effect of School Principals' Leadership Styles on Teachers' Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(2), 806-811. Chiu, C. C., Owens, B. P., Tesluk, P. E. (2016). Initiating and Utilizing Shared Leadership in Teams: The Role of Leader Humility, Team Proactive Personality, and Team Performance Capability. The Journal of applied psychology. Coelli, M., Green, D. A. (2012). Leadership effects: School principals and student outcomes. Economics of Education Review, 31(1), 92-109. Daft, R. L. (2014). The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., Skogstad, A. (2016). the nature and outcomes of destructive leadership behavior in Organizations. Risky Business: Psychological, Physical and Financial Costs of High Risk Behavior in Organizations, 323. Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016). Ethical leadership and decision making in education:Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Storey, J. (Ed.). (2016). Leadership in Organizations: Current Issues and Key Trends.Routledge.

Explain the difference between capital income, revenue income, capital expenditure and revenue expenditure Essay Example

Explain the difference between capital income, revenue income, capital expenditure and revenue expenditure Essay In this task I have been asked to explain the difference between capital income, revenue income, capital expenditure and revenue expenditure.Capital incomeCapitan income is money invested into the business to buy equipment. For example Future Fashion will invest money into their business to buy equipment such as hangers, clothes stands. These kinds of things will stay in Future Fashion for a long period therefore this means they are known as fixed assets which means items which will stay in the business for a long period of time. When Future first opened up their business they may have used capital income to but opening stock but as the business develops stock will then be paid for using sales income.Sole traderA sole trader is a business who owns a business on their own therefore Future Fashion is a sole trader business as an individual person owns it. Therefore Future Fashion has to find all their capital income from their own sources or personal loans. Mostly sole trader businesse s invest their personal savings or borrow from the bank using their personal assets such as their house to secure the loan. For example Future Fashion may give their house to the bank to get a loan but this is a big risk for Future Fashion as they have to responsible for the debts of its business itself. As a sole trader business Future fashion can keep all its profits to itself.PartnershipA partnership is when two or more than two people set up a business. They are then known as partners. Each partner will have to contribute towards the business, they will have to contribute towards the capital income, therefore increasing the amount of money available. Partners all share making decisions for the business and the profit. Some partnerships any loans taken out are still taken out by using their own assets which is a huge risk.SharesA company is when a business is registered with Companies House and issues shares to its shareholders. Therefore shareholders are the owners of the busine ss and all contribute towards the capital income.LoansA loan is a sum amount of money which is lent to a business from a bank. It is a certain amount of money that has to be paid back in a certain amount of time such as five years, but sometime longer term loans can be agreed. As well as paying back the loan back an interest will be charged too. This is the amount of money that is being charged for the loan as a percentage of the amount that was borrowed. The interest rate a bank charge can be a fixed amount or may vary with changes in the economy. It is the interest payable on top of the loan that makes a loan a relatively expensive source of capital income. Also monthly payment will have to be paid even though if the business isn’t making a profit. Banks have certain procedures so that they can lend money to businesses but it is not guaranteed that banks will lend money to businesses because businesses will have to be specific how the money borrowed will be spent on and how the business will pay the bank back. When banks give out loans they need a guarantee that the business will pay back their money, the guarantee a business will have to give might be their house or the businesses vehicles. Therefore if the business fails to pay back the loan the bank can reclaim the asset.For example if Future Fashion is in need of money they will go to the bank and ask them for a loan but they will have to give the bank a guarantee that they will pay the money back. A guarantee may be the owner’s home. Also Future fashion will have to tell the bank what they will be spending the money so they can tell the bank they will be spending the money on some new stock, to pay for equipment and to pay bills. Also Future fashion will have to keep in mind that the ban will charge them interest for the amount of money they borrow, for example if Future fashion borrow  £1000 they may have to pay 10% interest of this amount.MortgagesA mortgage is similar to a bank loan b ut is a larger amount of money over time of 25 years. Mortgages are always secured on a property. Some individual will take a mortgage out on their homes. Businesses might take out a mortgage to buy their premises for example a factory, retail store or a warehouse.For example Future fashion may take out a mortgage out on their premises to make it theirs. They will have to pay a lump sum amount of money for about 25 years.Revenue incomeRevenue income is the money that comes into the business by performing its daily function by selling goods or providing a service. Therefore money coming into the Future fashion will be known as Revenue income. The revenue income depends on the activities that the business does to bring money into the business and three main sources are:Sales- sales are money coming in from the sales of goods or services. For example Future fashion has money coming in when each customer buys a product from their shop. Sales at future fashion can be cash sales where the customer pays there and then, or credit sales where the customer buy then but pays at a later date.Rent received- a business that owns a property and charges others for use of all or part of that property will receive rent as their main source of income.Commission received- a business may sell products or services as an agent of another business. They sell product for another business and they get paid a percentage on that sale. This percentage is called commission.Capital expenditureCapital expenditure is items bought by the business for a long period of time. For example Future Fashion will buy desks, tills, stands and furniture for their business which will stay in their business for a long period of time. This will therefore be known as capital expenditure.Fixed assetsFixed assets are objects bought by the business and then will stay in the business for a long time. For example Future Fashion will buy objects for their business and then record those on their balance sheet the b alance sheet will include equipment, furniture and fittings. These are referred as tangible assets as they cannot be touched. The balance sheet for Future Fashion can change very rarely as sometime object lose their value and don’t have importance so new objects need to be bought into the business.IntangiblesIntangibles are something owned by the business therefore Future Fashion but they cannot touch it but adds value to Future Fashion. There are three intangibles which may exist in Future Fashion:Goodwill- is when you buy an existing business its name and reputation will already be known. It also may it set of customers. This will increase the value of the business and also may increase the selling price of the business. A sum of money is added to the value of the business to reflect the value if this goodwill.Patents- a patent is a unique feature of a product or a new process. A business may have a patent to stop other from copying their unique style of their product or pr ocess. Having a patent gives many opportunities to the business for the future such as launching a more expensive selling price for their product which has a patent.Trademarks-a trademark is a symbol, logo, brand name which a business uses to stand out from its competitors. Trademark can be a big impact on customers it affects their buying choice. And it can also build a strong brand loyalty.Revenue expenditureRevenue expenditure is spending on items which are an everyday thing, which means money which is spent every day on the same things. These are the expenses incurred by Future Fashion that are shown on the profit and loss account. Some of the costs which Future Fashion may spend their money on are:Premises costsFuture Fashion will have some sort of premises cost. There are a number of costs associated with premises. For example:Rent- Future Fashion may not own the premises and may have to pay a sum amount of money for its use of the premises.Rates- this is an amount of money Fu ture Fashion have to pay to the council to go towards services such as street lights and refuse collection. This will not be a set amount for Future Fashion, it will depend on their business.Heating and lighting- this includes services such as gas and electricity. Future Fashion will receive regular bills every three months for using gas and electricity services.Insurance- Future Fashion should legally take out various types of insurance to protect them from any losses. These may include:Building insurance- this insurance will protect the building from damage which may be caused by events such as a fire.Contents insurance- this insurance will protect whatever Future Fashion will have in the business such as stock and equipment. They will be protected from events such as floods.Public liability insurance- this insurance will be taken out by Future Fashion to protect people within the building who may be harmed during an incident.Administrative costsAdministration is all about paperwo rk within the Future Fashion such as paperwork regarding employees, suppliers and customers. Administrative costs include things such as postage, printing and stationary; this may include items such as Future fashion business cards, headed paper and order books. For example Future Fashion will have a lot of paperwork regarding business details about their employees about their business and also about their regular customers but mainly they will have paper work regarding their suppliers for example copies of past orders and bills regarding these orders. Also Future Fashion will have a line rental will come under administrative cost.Staff costsAs Future Fashion will employ staff members they will have to bear the costs for them too. These will include:Salaries-a salary will be given to those employees who are paid monthly which is divided through an annual figure. This will be given to the accountant of Future Fashion as they will be given a salary. Also then this employee will have t o pay National insurance and Tax which will be reduced from their salary.Wages-a wage will give to those employees who will help Future Fashion to sell their items. They will be getting paid hourly. Depending on the hourly rate.Training- Future Fashion can train their employees and then their employees will get paid based on the training rate.Insurance- future fashion will be responsible for its employees while carrying out duties related to their work and therefore future fashion has to take out liability insurance.Pensions- future fashion can offer a pension scheme to their pensioners such as anadded bonus.Selling and distribution costsIf future fashion wanted to cover all their costs they will have to make enough sales. Future fashion must be able to attract customers and try their best to sell their products to customers. Selling and distribution costs include:Sales staff salaries- future fashion will employ workers with a certain responsibility but their purpose will be to make sales.Carriage of sales- this is the cost of getting the sale to the customer and can range from something as simple as an envelope and stamp or courier delivery to something much more complex with fragile products or products being shipped to another country.Marketing- this covers a whole range of costs associated with attracting customers and convincing them to make a purchase.Finance costsFuture fashion do not operate on cash basis they also accept payment by cheque, or direct bank transfer. This means future fashion will need a bank account. Finance cost to future fashion will include:Bank charges- the bank will charge future fashion each time a cheque is paid or written and whenever cash is deposited. Future fashion may offer them free banking for the first year as a marketing technique.Loan and mortgage interest- if future fashion will have a loan or a mortgage then they will have to pay an interest.Purchase stockFuture fashion will have to purchase stock to keep their busine ss up and running. For example as they are a clothing business they will need to purchase clothes. When future fashion first opened their business they had to pay for their stock with cash but as time goes by they can purchase stock on credit which means they can have the stick and pay 30 days later. If future fashion does well their suppliers will give them good deals on stock each time they make a purchase with them.

Best Analysis Money and Materialism in The Great Gatsby

Best Analysis Money and Materialism in The Great Gatsby SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In The Great Gatsby, money is a huge motivator in the characters' relationships, motivations, and outcomes. Most of the characters reveal themselves to be highly materialistic, their motivations driven by their desire for money and things: Daisy marries and stays with Tom because of the lifestyle he can provide her, Myrtle has her affair with Tom due to the privileged world it grants her access to, and Gatsby even lusts after Daisy as if she is a prize to be won. After all, her voice is "full of money- that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals' song of it. . . . High in a white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl. . . ." (7.106). So how exactly does materialism reveal itself as a theme, how can it help us analyze the characters, and what are some common assignments surrounding this theme? We will dig into all things money here in this guide. Roadmap Money and materialism in the plotKey quotes about money/materialismAnalyzing characters via money/materialismCommon assignments and analysis of money/materialism in Gatsby Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. Money and Materialism in The Great Gatsby In the opening pages, Nick establishes himself as someone who has had many advantages in life- a wealthy family and an Ivy League education to name just two. Despite not being as wealthy as Tom and Daisy, his second cousin, they see him as enough of a peer to invite him to their home in Chapter 1. Nick's connection to Daisy in turn makes him attractive to Gatsby. If Nick were just a middle-class everyman, the story could not play out in the same way. Tom and Daisy's movements are also supported by their money. At the beginning of the novel they move to fashionable East Egg, after moving around between "wherever people played polo and were rich together," and are able to very quickly pick up and leave at the end of the book after the murders, thanks to the protection their money provides (1.17). Daisy, for her part, only begins her affair with Gatsby after a very detailed display of his wealth (via the mansion tour). She even breaks down in tears after Gatsby shows off his ridiculously expensive set of colored shirts, crying that she's "never seen such beautiful shirts" before (5.8). Gatsby's notoriety comes from, first and foremost, his enormous wealth, wealth he has gathered to win over Daisy. Gatsby was born to poor farmer parents in North Dakota, but at 17, determined to become rich, struck out with the wealthy Dan Cody and never looked back (6.5-15). Even though he wasn't able to inherit any part of Cody's fortune, he used what he learned of wealthy society to first charm Daisy before shipping out to WWI. (In a uniform she had no idea he was poor, especially given his sophisticated manners). Then, after returning home and realizing Daisy was married and gone, he set out to earn enough money to win Daisy over, turning to crime via a partnership with Meyer Wolfshiem to quickly amass wealth (9.83-7). Meanwhile, Tom's mistress Myrtle, a car mechanic's wife, puts on airs and tries to pass as rich through her affair with Tom, but her involvement with the Buchanans gets her killed. George Wilson, in contrast, is constrained by his lack of wealth. He tells Tom Buchanan after finding out about Myrtle's affair that he plans to move her West, but he "[needs] money pretty bad" in order to make the move (7.146). Tragically, Myrtle is hit and killed that evening by Daisy. If George Wilson had had the means, he likely would have already left New York with Myrtle in tow, saving both of their lives. Hardly anyone shows up to Gatsby's funeral since they were only attracted by his wealth and the parties, not the man himself. This is encapsulated in a phone call Nick describes, to a man who used to come to Gatsby's parties: "one gentleman to whom I telephoned implied that he had got what he deserved. However, that was my fault, for he was one of those who used to sneer most bitterly at Gatsby on the courage of Gatsby's liquor and I should have known better than to call him" (9.69). In short, money both drives the plot and explains many of the characters' motivations and limitations. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Key Quotes About Money Then wear the gold hat, if that will move her;If you can bounce high, bounce for her too,Till she cry "Lover, gold-hatted, high-bouncing lover,I must have you!" - THOMAS PARKE D'INVILLIERS The epigraph of the novel immediately marks money and materialism as a key theme of the book- the listener is implored to "wear the gold hat" as a way to impress his lover. In other words, wealth is presented as the key to love- such an important key that the word "gold" is repeated twice. It's not enough to "bounce high" for someone, to win them over with your charm. You need wealth, the more the better, to win over the object of your desire. "They had spent a year in France, for no particular reason, and then drifted here and there unrestfully wherever people played polo and were rich together." (1.17) Our introduction to Tom and Daisy immediately describes them as rich, bored, and privileged. Tom's restlessness is likely one motivator for his affairs, while Daisy is weighed down by the knowledge of those affairs. This combination of restlessness and resentment puts them on the path to the tragedy at the end of the book. "There was music from my neighbor's house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor-boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On week-ends his Rolls-Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city, between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants including an extra gardener toiled all day with mops and scrubbing-brushes and hammers and garden-shears, repairing the ravages of the night before†¦." (3.1-3.6) The description of Gatsby's parties at the beginning of Chapter 3 is long and incredibly detailed, and thus it highlights the extraordinary extent of Gatsby's wealth and materialism. In contrast to Tom and Daisy's expensive but not overly gaudy mansion, and the small dinner party Nick attends there in Chapter 1, everything about Gatsby's new wealth is over-the-top and showy, from the crates of oranges brought in and juiced one-by-one by a butler to the full orchestra. Everyone who comes to the parties is attracted by Gatsby's money and wealth, making the culture of money-worship a society-wide trend in the novel, not just something our main characters fall victim to. After all, "People were not invited- they went there" (3.7). No one comes due to close personal friendship with Jay. Everyone is there for the spectacle alone. He took out a pile of shirts and began throwing them, one by one before us, shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine flannel which lost their folds as they fell and covered the table in many-colored disarray. While we admired he brought more and the soft rich heap mounted higher- shirts with stripes and scrolls and plaids in coral and apple-green and lavender and faint orange with monograms of Indian blue. Suddenly with a strained sound, Daisy bent her head into the shirts and began to cry stormily. "They're such beautiful shirts," she sobbed, her voice muffled in the thick folds. "It makes me sad because I've never seen such- such beautiful shirts before." (5.7-8) Gatsby, like a peacock showing off its many-colored tail, flaunts his wealth to Daisy by showing off his many-colored shirts. And, fascinatingly, this is the first moment of the day Daisy fully breaks down emotionally- not when she first sees Gatsby, not after their first long conversation, not even at the initial sight of the mansion- but at this extremely conspicuous display of wealth. This speaks to her materialism and how, in her world, a certain amount of wealth is a barrier to entry for a relationship (friendship or more). "She's got an indiscreet voice," I remarked. "It's full of- - " I hesitated. "Her voice is full of money," he said suddenly. That was it. I'd never understood before. It was full of money- that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals' song of it. . . . High in a white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl. . . . (7.103-106) Daisy herself is explicitly connected with money here, which allows the reader to see Gatsby's desire for her as desire for wealth, money, and status more generally. So while Daisy is materialistic and is drawn to Gatsby again due to his newly-acquired wealth, we see Gatsby is drawn to her as well due to the money and status she represents. I couldn't forgive him or like him but I saw that what he had done was, to him, entirely justified. It was all very careless and confused. They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. . . . (9.146) Here, in the aftermath of the novel's carnage, Nick observes that while Myrtle, George, and Gatsby have all died, Tom and Daisy are not punished at all for their recklessness, they can simply retreat "back into their money or their vast carelessness†¦ and let other people clean up the mess." So money here is more than just status- it's a shield against responsibility, which allows Tom and Daisy to behave recklessly while other characters suffer and die in pursuit of their dreams. Money: the ultimate shrug-off. Analyzing Characters Through Materialism We touched on this a bit with the quotes, but all of the characters can be analyzed from the point of view of their wealth and/or how materialistic they are. This analysis can enrich an essay about old money versus new money, the American dream, or even a more straightforward character analysis, or a comparison of two different characters. Mining the text for a character's attitude toward money can be a very helpful way to understand their motivations in the world of 1920s New York. If you analyze a character through this theme, make sure to explain: #1: Their attitude towards money. #2: How money/materialism drives their choices in the novel. #3: How their final outcome is shaped by their wealth status and what that says about their place in the world. Character Analysis Example As an example, let's look briefly at Myrtle. We get our best look at Myrtle in Chapter 2, when Tom takes Nick to see her in Queens and they end up going to the New York City apartment Tom keeps for Myrtle and hosting a small gathering (after Tom and Myrtle hook up, with Nick in the next room!). Myrtle is obsessed with shows of wealth, from her outfits, to insisting on a specific cab, to her apartment's decoration, complete with scenes of Versailles on the overly-large furniture: "The living room was crowded to the doors with a set of tapestried furniture entirely too large for it so that to move about was to stumble continually over scenes of ladies swinging in the gardens of Versailles" (2.51). She even adopts a different persona among her guests: "The intense vitality that had been so remarkable in the garage was converted into impressive hauteur. Her laughter, her gestures, her assertions became more violently affected moment by moment and as she expanded the room grew smaller around her until she seemed to be revolving on a noisy, creaking pivot through the smoky air" (2.56). In Myrtle's eyes, money is an escape from life with her husband in the valley of ashes, something that brings status, and something that buys class. After all, Tom's money secures her fancy apartment and allows her to lord it over her guests and play at sophistication, even while Nick looks down his nose at her. Obviously there is physical chemistry driving her affair with Tom, but she seems to get as much (if not more) pleasure from the materials that come with the affair- the apartment, the clothes, the dog, the parties. So she keeps up this affair, despite how morally questionable it is and the risk it opens up for her- her materialism, in other words, is her primary motivator. However, despite her airs, she matters very little to the "old money" crowd, as cruelly evidenced first when Tom breaks her nose with a "short deft movement" (2.126), and later, when Daisy chooses to run her over rather than get into a car accident. Myrtle's character reveals how precarious social climbing is, how materialism is not actually a path to happiness/virtue. In this novel, actual mountain climbing is safer than social climbing. Common Assignments and Discussion Topics About Money and Materialism in The Great Gatsby Here are ways to think about frequently assigned topics on this the theme of money and materialism. Discuss Tom Daisy as people who "smash things and retreat into their money" As discussed above, money- and specifically having inherited money- not only guarantees a certain social class, it guarantees safety and privilege: Tom and Daisy can literally live by different rules than other, less-wealthy people. While Gatsby, Myrtle, and George all end up dead, Tom and Daisy get to skip town and avoid any consequences, despite their direct involvement. For this prompt, you can explore earlier examples of Tom's carelessness (breaking Myrtle's nose, his behavior in the hotel scene, letting Daisy and Gatsby drive back to Long Island after the fight in the hotel) as well as Daisy's (throwing a fit just before her wedding but going through with it, kissing Gatsby with her husband in the next room). Show how each instance reveals Tom or Daisy's carelessness, and how those instances thus foreshadow the bigger tragedy- Myrtle's death at Daisy's hands, followed by Tom's manipulation of George to kill Gatsby. You can also compare Tom and Daisy's actions and outcomes to other characters to help make your point- Myrtle and Gatsby both contribute to the conflict by participating in affairs with Tom and Daisy, but obviously, Myrtle and Gatsby don't get to "retreat into their money," they both end up dead. Clearly, having old money sets you far apart from everyone else in the world of the novel. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. What do Nick's comments about money reveal about his attitude towards wealth? This is an interesting prompt, since you have to comb through passages of Nick's narration to find his comments about money, and then consider what they could mean, given that he comes from money himself. To get you started, here is a sample of some of Nick's comments on money and the wealthy, though there are certainly more to be found: "Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction- Gatsby who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn." (1.4) "My own house was an eye-sore, but it was a small eye-sore, and it had been overlooked, so I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbor's lawn, and the consoling proximity of millionaires- all for eighty dollars a month. (1.14) "They had spent a year in France, for no particular reason, and then drifted here and there unrestfully wherever people played polo and were rich together." (1.17) Nick's comments about money, especially in the first chapter, are mostly critical and cynical. First of all, he makes it clear that he has "an unaffected scorn" for the ultra-rich, and eyes both new money and old money critically. He sarcastically describes the "consoling proximity of millionaires" on West Egg and wryly observes Tom and Daisy's restless entitlement on East Egg. These comments might seem a bit odd, given that Nick admits to coming from money himself: "My family have been prominent, well-to-do people in this middle-western city for three generations" (1.5). However, while Nick is wealthy, he is nowhere near as wealthy as the Buchanans or Gatsby- he expresses surprise both that Tom is able to afford bringing ponies from Lake Forest ("It was hard to realize that a man in my own generation was wealthy enough to do that" (1.16), and that Gatsby was able to buy his own mansion ("But young men didn't- at least in my provincial inexperience I believed they didn't- drift coolly out of nowhere and buy a palace on Long Island Sound" (3.88)), despite the fact they are all about 30 years old. In other words, while he opens the book with his father's advice to remember "all the advantages [he's] had," Nick seems to have a chip on his shoulder about still not being in the highest tier of the wealthy class. While he can observe the social movements of the wealthy with razor precision, he always comes off as wry, detached, and perhaps even bitter. Perhaps this attitude was tempered at Yale, where he would have been surrounded by other ultra-wealthy peers, but in any case, Nick's cynical, sarcastic attitude seems to be a cover for jealousy and resentment for those even more wealthy than him. Why does Gatsby say Daisy's voice is "full of money"? What does it reveal about the characters' values? Gatsby's comment about Daisy's voice explicitly connects Daisy the character to the promise of wealth, old money, and even the American Dream. Furthermore, the rest of that quote explicitly describes Daisy as "High in a white palace, the King's daughter, the golden girl†¦" (7.106). This makes Daisy sound like the princess that the hero gets to marry at the end of a fairy tale- in other words, she's a high-value prize. Daisy representing money also suggests money is as alluring and desirable- or even more so- than Daisy herself. In fact, during Chapter 8 when we finally get a fuller recap of Daisy and Gatsby's early relationship, Nick notes that "It excited [Gatsby] too that many men had already loved Daisy- it increased her value in his eyes" (8.10). In other words, Gatsby loves Daisy's "value" as an in-demand product. But since Daisy is flighty and inconsistent, Gatsby's comment also suggests that wealth is similarly unstable. But that knowledge doesn't dampen his pursuit of wealth- if anything, it makes it even more desirable. And since Gatsby doesn't give up his dream, even into death, we can see how fervently he desires money and status. Connecting new/old money and materialism to the American dream In the world of The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is synonymous with money and status- not so much success, career (does anyone but Nick and George even have a real job?), happiness, or family. But even Gatsby, who makes an incredible amount of money in a short time, is not allowed access into the upper echelon of society, and loses everything in trying to climb that final, precarious rung of the ladder, as represented by Daisy. So the American Dream, which in the first half of the book seems attainable based on Gatsby's wealth and success, reveals itself to be a hollow goal. After all, if even wealth on the scale of Gatsby's can't buy you entry into America's highest social class, what can? What's the point of striving so hard if only heartbreak and death are waiting at the end of the road? This pessimism is also reflected in the fates of Myrtle and George, who are both trying to increase their wealth and status in America, but end up dead by the end of the novel. You can read more about the American Dream for details on The Great Gatsby's ultimately skeptical, cynical attitude towards this classic American ideal. Connecting money to the status of women Daisy and Jordan are both old money socialites, while Myrtle is a working class woman married to a mechanic. You can thus compare three very different women's experiences to explore how money- or a lack thereof- seems to change the possibilities in a woman's life in early 1920s America. Daisy maintains her "old money" status by marrying a very rich man, Tom Buchanan, and ultimately sticks with him despite her feelings for Gatsby. Daisy's decision illustrates how few choices many women had during that time- specifically, that marrying and having children was seen as the main role any woman, but especially a wealthy woman, should fulfill. And furthermore, Daisy's willingness to stay with Tom despite his affairs underscores another aspect of women's roles during the 1920s: that divorce was still very uncommon and controversial. Jordan temporarily flouts expectations by ""[running] around the country," (1.134) playing golf, and not being in a hurry to marry- a freedom that she is allowed because of her money, not in spite of it. Furthermore, she banks on her place as a wealthy woman to avoid any major scrutiny, despite her "incurable dishonesty": "Jordan Baker instinctively avoided clever shrewd men and now I saw that this was because she felt safer on a plane where any divergence from a code would be thought impossible. She was incurably dishonest. She wasn't able to endure being at a disadvantage, and given this unwillingness I suppose she had begun dealing in subterfuges when she was very young" (3.160). Furthermore, by the end of the novel she claims to be engaged, meaning that like Daisy, she's ultimately chosen to live within the lines society has given her. (Even if she's not actually engaged, the fact she chooses to tell Nick that suggests she does see engagement as her end goal in life.) Myrtle feels trapped in her marriage, which pushes her into her affair with Tom Buchanan, an affair which grants her access to a world- New York City, wealth, parties- she might not otherwise have access to. However, jumping up beyond her roots, using Tom's money, is ultimately unsustainable- her husband finds out and threatens to move out west, and then of course she is killed by Daisy before they can make that move. Myrtle- both working class and a woman- is thus trapped between a rock (her gender) and a hard place (her lack of money), and perhaps for this reason receives the cruelest treatment of all. So all three women push the boundaries of their expected societal roles- Daisy's affair with Gatsby, Jordan's independent lifestyle, and Myrtle's affair with Tom- but ultimately either fall in line (Daisy, Jordan) or are killed for reaching too far (Myrtle). So Gatsby ultimately provides a pretty harsh, pessimistic view of women's roles in 1920s America. What's Next? In The Great Gatsby, money is central to the idea of the American Dream. Read more about how the American Dream is treated in The Great Gatsby and whether the novel is ultimately optimistic or pessimistic about the dream. Money (or the lack of it!) is also why the novel's symbols of the green light and the valley of ashes are so memorable and charged. Read more about those symbols for a fuller understanding of how money affects The Great Gatsby. Want the complete lowdown on Jay Gatsby's rags-to-riches story? Check out our guide to Jay Gatsby for the complete story. Thinking about indulging in a little materialism yourself al Gatsby? We've compiled a list of 15 must-have items for fans of The Great Gatbsy book and movie adaptations. Looking for other literary guides? Learn more about The Crucible, The Cask of Amontillado, and "Do not go gentle into that good night" with our expert analyses. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Discuss accounting principles and applications for business and Essay

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La Crisis Petrolera OBJETIVOS 1. Analizar el impacto mundial que genera a nivel econà ³mico y en los mercados de capital la crisis petrolera. 2. Identificar los factores determinantes de la crisis polà ­ticos, econà ³micos. 3. Presentar informacià ³n cronolà ³gica del desarrollo de la crisis. 4. Analizar los diferentes fenà ³menos econà ³micos presentados en esta crisis haciendo à ©nfasis en la estanflacià ³n presentada en este periodo. INTRODUCCIÓN En la dà ©cada de los 70 se dio lugar a dos crisis petroleras, la primera de ellas en el aà ±o de 1973 y la segunda en el aà ±o de 1979, dichas crisis fueron generadas por los diversos intereses y objetivos que se manejaban entre los paà ­ses miembros de la OPEP (Organizacià ³n de paà ­ses Exportadores de Petrà ³leo), las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras mà ¡s importantes del mundo y los principales paà ­ses compradores como los Estados Unidos, durante los periodos de crisis la fluctuacià ³n fue incontrolable, caracterizada por el incremento constante de los precios del barril y alimentada por los intereses econà ³micos de los reinos à ¡rabes y la acumulacià ³n de excedentes por parte de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras, hechos que impactaron fuertemente a la economà ­a, afectando a los paà ­ses importadores del crudo y a los consumidores de los bienes finales en los cuales es necesaria la implementacià ³n del mismo. Dentro del marco de la crisis tambià ©n juega un papel muy importante el aspecto polà ­tico principalmente el entre Estados Unidos y los paà ­ses del golfo Pà ©rsico con la mayor intervencià ³n de Arabia Saudà ­, por ser el principal productor de petrà ³leo del mundo, dicho papel fue determinante en el periodo de crisis debido a que fue el actor que guià ³ las decisiones de la OPEP, como en el caso de la guerra à ¡rabe-israelà ­ , cuando El gobierno saudà ­ toma la decisià ³n de iniciar un embargo en la produccià ³n, reduciendo un porcentaje importante de la produccià ³n y afectando las economà ­as por los conflictos polà ­ticos. Las consecuencias de las crisis solamente fueron negativas para los consumidores por el alza en los precios, pero fueron benà ©ficas para los productores y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras debido a la acumulacià ³n de excedentes lograda durante el periodo la cual se puede ver reflejada en la balanza de pagos de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes. Dichos acontecimientos mostraron que la elasticidad de l a demanda en aquel periodo fue alta, los productores à ¡rabes le mostraron al mundo el poder sobre este mercado y los consumidores entendieron la importancia de la energà ­a. 1. ANTECEDENTES * En 1956 el geà ³logo y director de investigaciones de Shell, inicià ³ un detallado estudio sobre los ritmos del descubrimiento de yacimientos petrolà ­feros en Amà ©rica del Norte, su trabajo demuestra matemà ¡ticamente que la explotacià ³n de todo yacimiento sigue una curva en forma de campana que toma su tiempo para fluir, ademà ¡s concluyo que la produccià ³n americana alcanzarà ­a su punto culminante en el aà ±o de 1970 y que caerà ­a rà ¡pidamente durante los siguientes aà ±os ocasionando un aumento de la dependencia del exterior, tambià ©n afirmà ³ que era inevitable una disminucià ³n de la produccià ³n a pesar de las mejoras en los mà ©todos de perforacià ³n y las nuevas tà ©cnicas de extraccià ³n, pero sus teorà ­as no tuvieron aceptacià ³n ante el gobierno de Estados Unidos, sin embargo sus postulados se cumplieron. * En 1967 el petrà ³leo supero al carbà ³n y se impuso como primera fuente de anergia alrededor del mundo. * Antes de los aà ±os 70 no se mostraban intereses relevantes sobre los recursos petroleros de Arabia Saudà ­, pero despuà ©s de 1970 la produccià ³n Norteamericana inicià ³ su caà ­da a pique y el petrà ³leo Saudà ­ se convierte indispensable. * En 1970 la produccià ³n petrolera Saudà ­ representaba el 13 % de las explotaciones mundiales, y en 1973 pasà ³ al 21 % * El petrà ³leo representaba el 95% de los recursos del reino à ¡rabe, de los cuales el 20% revertà ­a en la familia real. * A mediados de los aà ±os 70 el petrà ³leo representaba mà ¡s de la mitad de las necesidades econà ³micas globales de la humanidad representadas en un 54%, la cantidad de consumido pasà ³ de 300 millones de toneladas en 1960 a mà ¡s de 500 millones en 1975, aumentado en un 160%. * En 1971 se formo una comisià ³n encabezada por Richard Nixon y presidida por el general G. A. Lincoln con el fin de examinar la polà ­tica energà ©tica norteamericana con el trabajo de varios consultores, las conclusiones fueron: 1. Resaltar la necesidad de Estados Unidos de provocar una subida el precio del petrà ³leo importado para lograr estabilizar el precio interno a un nivel elevado e incentivar las inversiones necesarias para el desarrollo de las fuentes nacionales de energà ­a. 2. La comisià ³n tambià ©n recomienda el saneamiento de las relaciones con los paà ­ses exportadores para evitar alteraciones en las importaciones americanas. * El 14 de Febrero de 1971 en Teherà ¡n (Irà ¡n), los representantes de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras firmaron un acuerdo con la OPEP, debido a que su situacià ³n solo tenà ­a dos opciones ejecutar o ser ejecutados, por lo tanto firmaron un acuerdo de Capitulacià ³n el cual marco el fin del principio del (Fifty-Fifty) â€Å"mitad- mitad†, desde ese momento los paà ­ses productores poseen el 55% y obtienen un suplemento de 0.30 dà ³lares por barril sobre el precio establecido, sin embargo alcanzo el 0.50 dà ³lares en el aà ±o 1975. * En Julio de 1972 el reino à ¡rabe alcanzà ³ a producir 5.4 millones de barriles diarios y llega a 8.4 millones en 1973 * Para 1973 la industria petrolera necesitaba grandes sumas de capital debido a que afrontaban dificultades financieras, algunas compaà ±Ãƒ ­as Exxon, Shell, BP, PHILIPPS PETROLEUM ocultaban que estaban al borde la quiebra, debido a que habà ­an invertido en proyectos cuyo presupuesto inicial sobrepasà ³ todas sus estimaciones, tales como la construccià ³n de oleoductos, explotacià ³n de zonas fuera de las costas, gigantescos campos petrolà ­feros y nuevas tecnologà ­as para perforaciones, por lo tanto la crisis desatada por los paà ­ses de la OPEP fue la salvacià ³n a su crisis econà ³mica. 2. FACTORES DETERMINANTES DE LA CRISIS En 1964 el prà ­ncipe Feisal de Arabia Saudà ­, sacà ³ del poder a su hermano Saoud. En ese entonces el presidente de Egipto Nasser, era considerado como un puente que permità ­a a Rusia y su comunismo extender su influencia en la regià ³n, por lo que el monarca Saudà ­ debà ­a de alguna forma, depender de la proteccià ³n Estadounidense, sin embargo pidià ³ que los servicios secretos de Estados Unidos no operaran mas dentro de su reino sin tener en cuenta que los americanos no necesitaban de ello, la monarquà ­a conservadora de este paà ­s, la dinastà ­a de los Seoud, se apoyaba en una Islam radical: el Wahhabismo, religià ³n donde el Corà ¡n y la tradicià ³n (Hadith) deben ser interpretados literalmente, Faysal promueve la consolidacià ³n del Wahhabismo imponiendo sus reglas totalitarias, hecho que favorecà ­a a Estados Unidos y a la CIA debido a que el Wahhabismo dirigà ­a y vigilaba a la poblacià ³n, asegurando de cierta manera la estabilidad del paà ­s y junto con ella la estable produccià ³n de petrà ³leo. Estados Unidos tratà ³ de convencer de bajar los precios a los paà ­ses de la OPEP, todo inicià ³ en 1971 con el acuerdo de Teherà ¡n, donde se dieron negociaciones un poco precipitadas entre los representantes de la OPEP y los majors cuyo resultado fue un acuerdo que incluye un alza de 35 cà ©ntimos por barril mà ¡s un aumento anual de 5 cà ©ntimos por barril y otro del 2.5% al aà ±o para compensar la inflacià ³n, dicho acuerdo inicialmente se estipulo que debà ­a estar vigente hasta el aà ±o de 1975, sin embargo 15 meses despuà ©s de su inicio, Estados Unidos empezà ³ una nueva subida de precios de 1976 a 1980, ocasionado por el nombramiento de James Akins como embajador en Arabia Saudà ­, quien fue el director de la administracià ³n de carburantes y de energà ­a en el departamento de Estado y consejero para el petrà ³leo del presidente Nixon, Akins fue el encargado de preparar el informe de la segunda comisià ³n formada para revisar la polà ­tica petrolà ­fera Estadounidense, informe en el cual recomendà ³ la subida de precios.. En Junio de 1972 se reunià ³ el Congreso Arabe del Petrà ³leo de las Naciones con motivo de la celebracià ³n de la nacionalizacià ³n de la Irak Petroleum Company, que controlaba desde hacà ­a 50 aà ±os la explotacià ³n del petrà ³leo en Irak y Siria, en dicho congreso Akins dio un discurso a los asistentes en el cual afirmà ³ que algunos paà ­ses de la OPEP estimaban aumentar el precio del barril hasta que llegara a 5 dà ³lares, cuando en realizada la OPEP ni siquiera habà ­a discutido sobre la variacià ³n de los precios del petrà ³leo y teniendo en cuenta que en el acuerdo del Terà ¡n el precià ³ del barril aumento casi en un 50% pasando de 1.80 a 2.60 dà ³lares, el cual fue el primer aumento desde la creacià ³n de la OPEP, por lo tanto este discursà ³ sorprendià ³ a los asistentes y significo una leccià ³n de radicalismo polà ­tico por parte de su adversario. Por otra parte, en 1973 Nixon pone a las fuerzas Estadounidenses en estado de alerta nuclear por primera vez despuà ©s de la segunda guerra mundial como respuesta a la aparicià ³n de la flota rusa en el mar mediterrà ¡neo la cual se consideraba como una amenaza para Arabia Saudà ­, el paà ­s que le brindaba la mayor cantidad de petrà ³leo a su primer aliado Estados Unidos, por lo tanto los paà ­ses à ¡rabes sintieron apoyo de los Norteamericanos pero a cambio de aumentar la produccià ³n para cubrir la demanda americana, punto que favorecià ³ a occidente. En 1973 en và ­speras de la crisis petrolera, Arabia Saudà ­ tenà ­a mà ¡s del 25 % de las reservas mundiales de petrà ³leo, el 90% de la produccià ³n Saudà ­ provenà ­a de 6 enormes yacimientos concentrados en una pequeà ±a zona del reino à ¡rabe, destacando el mayor yacimiento de petrà ³leo del mundo descubierto en 1948 llamado Ghawar contando con aproximadamente el 17% de todas las reservas de petrà ³leo accesibles en el mundo. A principio de los aà ±os 70 las cuatro compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que formaban ARAMCO: Exxon, Texaco, Mobil y Chevron, fijaban el precio del petrà ³leo producido en Arabia Saudà ­ las cuales pagaban una tasa baja al reino por cada barril vendido, pero a principios del aà ±o 1973 se enfrentaron a mà ºltiples tensiones, temà ­an que sus empresas fueran nacionalizadas, por lo tanto decidieron aumentar el nivel de produccià ³n aprovechando el alza de precios de los barriles, con el fin de poder extraer el mà ¡ximo petrà ³leo antes de que los dirigentes Saudà ­es tomaran el control de los yacimientos, situacià ³n que finalmente se dio en 1976 cuando el consorcio se nacionalizà ³ en cerca de un 60%. 3. DESARROLLO DE LA CRISIS La primera crisis petrolera se presento en el aà ±o de 1973, el 14 de Octubre inicia con las negociones entre los paà ­ses miembros de la OPEP Organizacià ³n de paà ­ses Exportadores de Petrà ³leo y las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras. El 16 de Octubre, en la ciudad de Kuwait, seis estados del golfo: Arabia Saudà ­, Irà ¡n, Irak, Abu Dhabi, Qatar y Kuwait) deciden unilateralmente aumentar el precio del petrà ³leo pasando de 2 a 3.65 dà ³lares el barril. En aquellos dà ­as se estaba desencadenado la cuarta guerra à ¡rabe-israelà ­, mediante combates, por lo tanto los ministros del petrà ³leo de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes miembros de la OPEP establecieron un embargo y optaron por reducir la produccià ³n en un 5%, mediante la elaboracià ³n de un comunicado en el cual se precisaba que dicho porcentaje seria aplicado todos los meses a partir de las cantidades del mes anterior, hasta la evacuacià ³n total de los israelitas del territorio à rabe ocupados desde Junio de 1967 y el r econocimiento de los derechos legà ­timos del pueblo palestino. La subida del precio de forma unilateral fue el resultado de largas y complejas negociaciones entre los paà ­ses productores y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras, mientras que el embargo fue decretado segà ºn lo manifestà ³ el secretario general de la OPEP â€Å"solamente para alertar a la opinià ³n pà ºblica de las naciones occidentales sobre el problema de Israel†,[1] lo que podrà ­a mostrar que nada tenà ­a que ver un hecho con el otro aparentemente, pero era el mejor medio para llevar los precios a niveles mucho mà ¡s elevados. Esta crisis tambià ©n genero una gran solidaridad entre los paà ­ses à ¡rabes como no lo habà ­an conseguido là ­deres como Gamal Abdel Nasser, en el momento de la nacionalizacià ³n del canal del Suez. El 16 de octubre se convoca una reunià ³n urgente en Kuwait de la OPAEP (grupo de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes en el seno de la OPEP), por el rey Feisal, esto con el fin de hacer al presidente Sadat, junto con el emir de Kuwait, en esta reunià ³n todos los paà ­ses à ¡rabes exportadores se comprometieron a disminuir la produccià ³n partiendo del mes vigente en un mà ­nimo de 5% por cada mes siguiente â€Å"hasta que se complete la retirada de Israel de todo los territorios à ¡rabes ocupados en junio 1967 y hasta que los derechos legales del pueblo de palestina se hayan restablecido†.[2] Arabia Saudà ­ decide no hacer una reduccià ³n en la produccià ³n no solo en un 5 sino en un 10%. Siguiendo esta iniciativa varios paà ­ses tambià ©n inician a hacer cortes en el mismo porcentaje, y en la mayorà ­a se prohà ­be la exportacià ³n a Estados Unidos y algunos de ellos tambià ©n a Holanda. Estos cortes junto a los ocasionados por el conflicto que se venà ­a cursando en ese momento redujeron en un 15% los suministros de petrà ³leo a Occidente en un tiempo de dos semanas. A inicios de noviembre en otra reunià ³n en el mismo lugar se decidià ³ un reduccià ³n del 25 por ciento generales respecto del nivel anterior de la guerra, esto hizo que todos los paà ­ses consumidores tomaran medidas urgentes, prepararse para una escasez. Adicionalmente a esto fue la decisià ³n del incremento en el precio en una gran magnitud sin algo nunca antes visto, el 70 % o mà ¡s.[3] EL PRIMER IMPACTO DE LA CRISIS PETROLERA (Precios de referencia de precios por barril ) Tipo de crudo 1 de octubre 16 de octubre % incremento Arabia ligero 34  ° 3.011 5.119 70 Irà ¡n ligero 34 ° 2.995 5.091 70 Iraq, Bastah 35 ° 2.997 5.061 70 Kuwait 31 ° 2.884 4.903 70 Abu, Dhabi, Murban39 ° 3.084 6.045 96 Libia 40 ° 4.604 8.925 94 Frente a estas decisiones la reaccià ³n que se esperaba de los paà ­ses consumidores era un respuesta agresiva o de ataque, pero por el contrario fue nula, pues en este momento la economà ­a de ellos estaba en auge y particularmente desde la devaluacià ³n de facto del dà ³lar en diciembre de 1971, con crecimientos de la produccià ³n industrial del 6,3 por ciento en 1972 y hasta junio de 1973, llevando a los occidentales a el punto mà ¡ximo de su capacidad productiva, este à ©xito o prosperidad tambià ©n se veà ­a o se extendà ­a a los paà ­ses menos desarrollados, al reforzar sus mercados en exportaciones en volumen y en valor. Al no recibir respuesta los paà ­ses à ¡rabes decidieron dar un nuevo golpe, duplicando los ya elevados precios en enero de 1974, adicionalmente a esto no cumplieron lo pacto de reducir la produccià ³n de 75% a un 70% lo que hicieron fue aumentarla en un 85%. Arabia saudita un poco mas consiente del efecto devastador que ejercerà ­an sobre las economà ­as de los paà ­ses industriales, trato sin à ©xito de limitar el alza a un 50%. El aumento final de un 130 % fue una propuesta final del el Irà ¡n y Arabia Saudà ­. El SEGUNDO IMPACTO DE LA CRISIS PETROLERA (Precios de referencia de precios por barril ) Tipo de crudo 16 de octubre 1 de enero % incremento Arabia ligero 34  ° 5.119 11.651 128 Iran ligero 34 ° 5.091 11.875 133 Iraq, Bastah 35 ° 5.061 11.671 131 Kuwait 31 ° 4.903 11.545 135 Abu, Dhabi, Murban39 ° 6.045 12.636 109 Libia 40 ° 8.925 13.765 54 Con este nuevo incremento los precios de multiplicaron prà ¡cticamente por cuatro o por ocho si se comparan con los precios existentes en el 70, esto comparado con el resto de las materias primas y los bienes manufacturados que se multiplicaron por menos de 2% en el mismo periodo de tiempo. El sistema de fijacià ³n de precios mediante negociacià ³n quedo sustituido por la decisià ³n unilateral de los paà ­ses exportadores, a partir de 1974 se realizaron mas incrementos pero mà ¡s moderados que los de octubre y noviembre hasta la siguiente gran crisis en 1979. LA PRIMERA CRISIS DEL PETRÓLEO Fuente: Fondo Monetario Internacional 4. IMPACTO SOBRE LOS PAISES EXPORTADORES Y LAS GRANDES COMPAÑIAS. Los grandes beneficiados con la crisis petrolera fueron los paà ­ses exportadores de petrà ³leo, tanto en tà ©rminos monetarios como en tà ©rminos de participacià ³n y control de sus reservas, seguidos por las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras. Los excedentes de las balanzas posteriores a 1974 por cuenta corriente de los paà ­ses de la OPEP ascendieron a 68.000 millones de dà ³lares, y promediaron los 35.000 millones de dà ³lares anuales en el periodo de 74/78, la OPEP obtuvo un excedente conjunto de unos 10.000 millones de dà ³lares lo que equivalà ­a entonces a la mitad del total mundial de las reservas monetarias oficiales. Estos excedentes no se repartieron en forma homogà ©nea y las diferencias entre los paà ­ses fueron enormes algunos paà ­ses se volvieron inmensamente ricos de la noche a la maà ±ana mientras que otros solo obtuvieron un efecto moderadamente favorable. Por esto la renta per cà ¡pita ascendà ­a en 1978 a 15.000 dà ³lares en Kuwait por encima de cualquier paà ­s industrial, mientras que indonesia otro paà ­s de la OPEP con 300 dà ³lares de renta per cà ¡pita comparado con otro paà ­s como la India la diferencia no era mà ­nima que no era un paà ­s productor de petrà ³leo. Otros paà ­ses como el Irà ¡n estaban en camino de entrar en la era de la industrializacià ³n, pero esto traerà ­a consecuencias para el rà ©gimen del Shah y para el propio pueblo iranà ­, Nigeria seguà ­a el mismo camino que Irà ¡n, pero en forma mà ¡s gradual, estas diferencias se mantenido despuà ©s de la crisis petrolera, Arabia Saudita por ejemplo, con 8n millones de habitantes , posee el 38,5 por ciento de las reservas de la OPEP, Ecuador con una poblacià ³n de 9 millones tiene solo el 0,3 por ciento, por esto las rentas y las capacidades de absorcià ³n de los mercados individuales son diferentes, la perspectivas que par la industrializacià ³n ofrecen las rentas petroleras son igualmente muy distintas. Las diferencias se hicieron patentes en los aà ±os siguientes a la crisis, como consecuencias de la reduccià ³n de ventas y el fuerte incremento en las importaciones, lo que trajo como resultado un deterioro de la posicià ³n exterior de algunos paà ­ses exportadores mientras que otros continuaban con fuertes superà ¡vits, Arabia Saudà ­ por ejemplo mantuvo durante todo el periodo un fuerte excedente por cuenta corriente, mientras la balanza por cuenta corriente de Argelia para a ser deficitaria a partir de 1975. En 1978 Nigeria y Venezuela presentaron dà ©ficits tambià ©n importantes aunque en general el superà ¡vit de la OPEP alcanzo la cifra de 177.700 millones en este periodo. Evolucià ³n de las balanzas de pagos a nivel mundial (Balanzas por cuenta corriente incluyendo incluyendo transferencias oficiales) (miles de millones de dà ³lares) 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1974 a 1978 Paà ­ses industrializados 17,7 -139 17,8 -2,2 -4,9 30,5 27,3 Siete paà ­ses mayores 12,7 -4,9 22,1 7,5 7,6 33,9 66,2 Otros paà ­ses industriales 5 -8,9 -4,3 -9,7 -12,6 -3,5 -39,0 Paà ­ses en và ­as de desarrollo Paà ­ses exportadores de petrà ³leo 6.7 68,3 35,4 40,3 30,8 2,9 177,7 Paà ­ses no exportadores de petrà ³leo -11,6 -37,0 -46,5 -32,0 -28,3 -39,2 -183,0 Por à ¡reas à frica -2,1 -3,5 -6,9 -6,1 -6,6 -9,0 -32,1 Asia -2,4 -9,6 -8,9 -2,6 -0,6 -6,8 -28,5 Europa 0,3 -4,3 -4,7 -4,1 -7,6 -5,2 -25,9 Oriente Medio -2,6 -4,5 -7,0 -5,4 -5,2 -6,5 28,6 Amà ©rica del sur -4,7 -13,5 -16,4 -11,9 -8,7 -13,2 -63,7 TOTAL 12,8 17,4 6,7 6,1 -2,4 -5,8 22,0 Fuentes: Fondo Monetario Internacional y OCDE El fuerte incremento de las reservas monetarias de la OPEP reflejarà ­a la marcada preferencia de estos paà ­ses por formas liquidas de inversià ³n de sus fondos excedentarios, por esto en 1974 los dos tercios de los fondos disponibles para inversiones fueron depositados en bancos o invertidos en bonos del tesoro, fundamentalmente en los paà ­ses industrializados, aun que en los aà ±os siguientes se redujeron los porcentajes a pesar de algunas inversiones como la del Irà ¡n en Krupp, de Kuwait en Daimlet- Benz y el de Libia en Fiat. El manejo fundamental de los dà ³lares procedentes del petrà ³leo (petrodà ³lares), correspondià ³ principalmente a la banca internacional, con bastante eficacia quien tambià ©n ayudo a financiar a veces con bastantes riesgos, pero tambià ©n con sustanciales beneficios los dà ©ficits de las balanzas por cuenta corriente de gran nà ºmero de paà ­ses. El desglose por estados productores paso de 14.400 millones de dà ³lares en 1972 a 119.200 millones en 1978 con incremento en la percepcià ³n media por barril en mà ¡s de seis veces. Las rentas de petrà ³leo de los principales paà ­ses exportadores (miles de millones de dà ³lares) 1972 1974 1976 1978 Arabia Saudita 3,1 22,6 33,5 35,8 Irà ¡n 2,4 17,5 22,0 20,5 Irak 0,6 5,7 8,5 9,8 Venezuela 1,9 8,7 8,0 5,6 Nigeria 1,2 8,9 8,5 8,2 Libia 1,6 6,0 7,5 8,6 Kuwait 1,7 7,0 8,5 9,2 Qatar 0,3 1,6 2,0 2,0 E.A.U 0,5 5,5 7,0 8,0 Argelia 0,7 3,7 4,5 5,0 Otro 0,4 3,3 6,1 6,5 Total OPEP 14,4 90,5 116,1 119,2 Ingresos medios por barril ($) 1,9 8,4 11,1 11,8 Fuente: El petrà ³leo y la crisis mundial Otra consecuencia que para los paà ­ses exportadores tuvo la crisis petrolera, fue la del cambio de propiedad del crudo extraà ­do en los mismos. Aà ±os antes de la crisis el petrà ³leo era propiedad mà ¡s o menos exclusiva de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que lo habà ­an encontrado y principalmente de las siete grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as internacionales, la fuerza de estas se basaba en su acceso a grandes cantidades de crudo a â€Å" precio de coste† del que podà ­an disponer al coste de su produccià ³n mà ¡s las regalà ­as (mà ¡s o menos el 12,5 por ciento de los precios de referencia) y la fiscalidad( normalmente el 55 por ciento de los beneficios teà ³ricos basados en los precios de referencia) A principios de 1974 Kuwait concreto un acuerdo con las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que operaban en su territorio, Gulf y BP, por el que el 60% del crudo pasaba a ser propiedad de Kuwait, acuerdo que se hizo extensivo rà ¡pidamente a otros paà ­ses, en los siguientes cuatros aà ±os siguientes el proceso quedo completado con la nacionalizacià ³n de las concesiones por los paà ­ses productores. Para las grandes corporaciones el resultado de la cuarta guerra à rabe- Israelà ­ fue un gran beneficio econà ³mico al igual que para los Estado Unidos lo fue en lo polà ­tico( y mà ¡s tarde en lo econà ³mico consecuencias de los gigantescos beneficios acumulados por sus sociedades petroleras y por su gran banca a la que habà ­an de afluir una gran parte de los excedentes monetarios acumulados por los paà ­ses productores de petrà ³leo) , las cifras en el cuarto trimestre del 1973 comparadas con las de los à ºltimos trimestres de los dos aà ±os anteriores eran noblemente altas, estos beneficios se prologaron hasta los aà ±os 80 y aun mas doblemente con la segunda crisis petrolera de 1979, la guerra hizo surgir un nuevo y poderoso cartel de la OPEP y como mencionà ¡bamos hizo perder a las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as la propiedad directa de crudo en la mayor parte de los paà ­ses, esta estrategia fue aprovechada a fondo, proporcionando a estas grandes sociedades un incremento de su poderà ­o econà ³mico en proporciones que no hubieran podido soà ±ar. Beneficios comparados de las grandes sociedades petroleras Unidad: millones de dà ³lares 1971 1972 1973 Exxon 357,0 353,0 638,0 Royal Dutch Shell 209,3 110,5 413,7 Texaco 218,2 207,4 307,4 Mobil Oil 134,1 140,9 231,2 Standard Oil de California 135,0 150,5 276,0 Gulf Oil 141,0 110,0 210,0 British Petroleum 87,0 35,0 135,0 Evolucià ³n de los beneficios declarados por las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as 1972-1978 Unidad: millones de dà ³lares 1972 1974 1976 1978 Exxon 1.532 2.142 2.641 2.763 Mobil 574 1.047 943 1.126 Standard Oil de California 547 970 880 1.106 Royal Dutch Shell 282 1.161 1.300 1.086 Texaco 889 1.586 870 852 Gulf Oil 197 1.065 816 791 British Petroleum 71 487 180 444 Fuentes: El petrà ³leo y la crisis mundial 5. EL IMPACTO SOBRE LOS PAà SES CONSUMIDORES El tema de los paà ­ses consumidores se centro en la disminucià ³n de los suministros de petrà ³leo provenientes de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes, pero a medida que se fue restableciendo se dieron cuenta que el verdadero problema era la multiplicacià ³n por 4 del precio del petrà ³leo. Esta alza fue interpretada como una agresià ³n totalmente injustificada. Los paà ­ses productores de petrà ³leo y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras se convirtieron ante la opinià ³n pà ºblica en los responsables de todos los males: la desaceleracià ³n del crecimiento, la inflacià ³n, del incremento del paro, de las restricciones al consumo que tan duramente afectaron a la mayorà ­a de los paà ­ses consumidores en el 73/74. Entre los paà ­ses desarrollados los tres mejor que menor la superaron fueron los Estados Unidos, el Japà ³n y la Republica Federal Alemana aun que por razones diferentes. La R.F.A. debido a su poderà ­o industrial, de un plan energà ©tico de lucha contra la inflacià ³n y a la calidad de sus redes de exportacià ³n no llego a ver su equilibrio de pagos exteriores en peligro, el Japà ³n un caso similar aunque tuvo un fuerte impacto inicial pero logro recuperarse, en cuanto a los Estados Unidos, el sistema monetario internacional le permite un desequilibrio permanente de su balanza por cuenta corriente, ademà ¡s como ya se habà ­a mencionado el cambio de la situacià ³n era un punto a su favor, sino ademà ¡s porque los dà ©ficits de las paà ­ses europeos obligaban a estos a conseguir mas y mas dà ³lares, que continà ºan siendo la pieza clave del sistema monetario internacional y las alzas del petrà ³leo permitieron a muchos pequeà ±os productores a pasar a ser competitivos y obtener enormes beneficios adicionales. Por el contrario para el resto de los paà ­ses industrializados y sobre todo para los del tercer mundo no productores de petrà ³leo, la crisis fue una verdadera catà ¡strofe, pues los dà ©ficits se elevaron a 183.000 millones de dà ³lares en el periodo de 1974 -78 y a 39.000 millones para los paà ­ses de industrializacià ³n media. En lugar de lograr un acuerdo de unià ³n entre los paà ­ses consumidores fue lo contrario un insolidaridad, es decir se lanzaron a una polà ­tica de â€Å"sà ¡lvese quien pueda† intentando firmar acuerdos bilaterales con los paà ­ses productores mediante delegaciones aisladas, tratando cada una de obtener los mejores beneficios que el vecino. Aunque se hizo un intento en Washington por lo representes de los 13 paà ­ses importadores de petrà ³leo no se consiguià ³ nada practico y cada uno siguià ³ sus negociaciones independientes como por ejemplo para conseguir cantidades especificas de petrà ³leo a cambio de ciertas mercancà ­as (escasas) manufacturadas: armamento moderno y tecnologà ­a de punta, con esto consiguieron que los gobiernos exportadores de que su petrà ³leo era tan importante como el oro y asà ­ estos nacionalizaron mà ¡s rà ¡pido su producciones con las alzas en los precios y generando los asà ­ el camino para siguiente crisis cinco aà ±os despuà ƒ ©s. La primera crisis petrolera se manifestà ³ en primer lugar en una caà ­da generalizada del ritmo del crecimiento econà ³mico. Todos los paà ­ses de LA OCDE (Organizacià ³n para la Cooperacià ³n y el Desarrollo Econà ³mico), experimentaron recesiones de mayor o menor intensidad, los intercambios al interior de esta organizacià ³n se redujeron en 12% en volumen entre el primer semestre de 1974, y el primer trimestre de 1975. Las empresas temiendo nuevas restricciones en la produccià ³n o nuevos aumentos en los precios del petrà ³leo, prefirieron liquidar sus stocks de productos terminados para responder a la demanda antes que incrementar la produccià ³n, por lo que las inversiones se vinieron abajo, acentuando aun mà ¡s la recesià ³n. El efecto de la primera crisis petrolera sobre el crecimiento econà ³mico Tasas de variacià ³n anual <