Intonation Phrases in Phonetics

In phonetics, an intonation phrase is a stretch (or chunk) of spoken material that has its own intonation pattern (or tune). Also called an  intonation group, phonological phrase, tone unit, or tone group. The intonation phrase (IP) is the basic unit of intonation. In a phonetic analysis, the vertical bar symbol (|) is used to represent the boundary between two intonation phrases. Examples and Observations When speakers produce words in a row, we can usually observe that they are structured: individual words are grouped together to form an intonation phrase... Intonation phrases can coincide with breath groups..., but they do not have to. Often a breath group contains more than one intonation phrase. As with all other phonological units, it is assumed that speakers have a mental representation of intonation phrases, i.e. they know how to produce speech structured into intonation phrases and they rely on this knowledge when listening to the speech of others. Within an intonation phrase, there is typically one word that is most prominent... Some utterances might contain just one intonation phrase, others might contain several of them. Moreover, speakers can put utterances together to form larger stretches of speech or discourse... Intonational phrasing in English can have a meaning-distinguishing function. Consider utterances 11a and 11b: (11a) He washed and fed the dog. (11b) He washed | and fed the dog. If the intonation phrase He washed and fed the dog is produced as one intonation phrase, its meaning is that a person both washed and fed a dog. Conversely, if the same utterance is produced as a sequence of two intonation phrases with an intonation boundary after washed (indicated by the symbol |), the meaning of the utterance changes into someone who washed himself and fed a dog. (Ulrike Gut, Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology. Peter Lang, 2009) Intonation Contours Intonation often does serve to convey information of a broadly meaningful nature . . .. For example, the falling pitch we hear at the end of a statement in English such as Fred parked the car signals that the utterance is complete. For this reason, falling intonation at the end of an utterance is called a terminal (intonation) contour. Conversely, a rising or level intonation, called a nonterminal (intonation) contour, often signals incompleteness. Nonterminal contours are often heard in the nonfinal forms found in lists and telephone numbers. (William OGrady et al., Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001) Tonality (Chunking) The speaker does not necessarily have to follow the rule of an IP for each clause. There are many cases where different kinds of chunking are possible. For example, if a speaker wants to say We dont know who she is, it is possible to say the whole utterance as a single IP ( one intonation pattern): We dont know who she is. But it is also possible to divide the material up, in at least the following possible ways: We dont know | who she is. We | dont know who she is. We dont | know who she is. We | dont know | who she is. Thus the speaker may present the material as two, or three, pieces of information rather than a single piece. This is tonality (or chunking). (J. C. Wells, English Intonation: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2006) The Position of Intonation Phrase Boundaries The position of intonation phrase boundaries shows a good amount of variability. These have been studied in English on the basis of positions of possible pauses within clauses (Selkirk 1984b, Taglicht 1998 and references there) and positions of obligatory pauses (Downing 1970). . . . The core result is that root clauses, and only these, are bounded by obligatory intonation phrase breaks. (Root clauses are clauses [CPs] not imbedded inside of a higher clause that has a subject and a predicate.) (Hubert Truckenbrodt, The Syntax-Phonology Interface. The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, ed. by Paul de Lacy. Cambridge University Press, 2007)

Reaction Rate Constant Definition and Equation

The rate constant is a proportionality factor in the rate law of chemical kinetics that relates the molar concentration of reactants to reaction rate. It is also known as the reaction rate constant or reaction rate coefficient and is indicated in an equation by the letter k. Key Takeaways: Rate Constant The rate constant, k, is a proportionality constant that indicates the relationship between the molar concentration of reactants and the rate of a chemical reaction.The rate constant may be found experimentally, using the molar concentrations of the reactants and the order of reaction. Alternatively, it may be calculated using the Arrhenius equation.The units of the rate constant depend on the order of reaction.The rate constant isnt a true constant, since its value depends on temperature and other factors. Rate Constant Equation For a general chemical reaction: aA bB → cC dD the rate of the chemical reaction may be calculated as: Rate k[A]a[B]b Rearranging the terms, the rate constant is: rate constant (k) Rate / ([A]a[B]a) Here, k is the rate constant and [A] and [B] are the molar concentrations of the reactants A and B. The letters a and b represent the order of the reaction with respect to A and the order of the reaction with respect to b. Their values are determined experimentally. Together, they give the order of the reaction, n: a b n For example, if doubling the concentration of A doubles the reaction rate or quadrupling the concentration of A quadruples the reaction rate, then the reaction is first order with respect to A. The rate constant is: k Rate / [A] If you double the concentration of A and the reaction rate increases four times, the rate of the reaction is proportional to the square of the concentration of A. The reaction is second order with respect to A. k Rate / [A]2 Rate Constant From the Arrhenius Equation The rate constant may also be expressed using the Arrhenius equation: k Ae-Ea/RT Here, A is a constant for the frequency of particle collisions, Ea is the activation energy of the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. From the Arrhenius equation, it is apparent that temperature is the main factor that affects the rate of a chemical reaction. Ideally, the rate constant accounts for all of the variables impacting reaction rate. Rate Constant Units The units of the rate constant depend on the order of reaction. In general, for a reaction with order a b, the units of the rate constant are mol1−(mn) ·L(mn)−1 ·s−1 For a zero order reaction, the rate constant has units molar per second (M/s) or mole per liter per second (mol ·L−1 ·s−1)For a first order reaction, the rate constant has units of per second of s-1For a second order reaction, the rate constant has units of liter per mole per second (L ·mol−1 ·s−1) or (M−1 ·s−1)For a third order reaction, the rate constant has units of liter squared per mole squares per second (L2 ·mol−2 ·s−1) or (M−2 ·s−1) Other Calculations and Simulations For higher order reactions or for dynamic chemical reactions, chemists apply a variety of molecular dynamics simulations using computer software. These methods include Divided Saddle Theory, the Bennett Chandler procedure, and Milestoning. Not a True Constant Despite its name, the rate constant isnt actually a constant. It only holds true at a constant temperature. Its affected by adding or changing a catalyst, changing the pressure, or even by stirring the chemicals. It doesnt apply if anything changes in a reaction besides the concentration of the reactants. Also, it doesnt work very well if a reaction contains large molecules at a high concentration because the Arrhenius equation assumes reactants are perfect spheres that perform ideal collisions. Sources Connors, Kenneth (1990).  Chemical Kinetics: The Study of Reaction Rates in Solution. John Wiley Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-72020-1.Daru, Jà ¡nos; Stirling, Andrà ¡s (2014). Divided Saddle Theory: A New Idea for Rate Constant Calculation. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10 (3): 1121–1127. doi:10.1021/ct400970yIsaacs, Neil S. (1995). Section 2.8.3.  Physical Organic Chemistry  (2nd ed.). Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 9780582218635.IUPAC (1997)  Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book).Laidler, K. J., Meiser, J.H. (1982).  Physical Chemistry. Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-5682-7.

Essay about Reading guide chapter 19 - 662 Words

AP Biology Name Allison Werts Period 2 Chapter 19 guided Reading Assignment 1. What kind of nucleic acids are the viral genomes made of? A singular linear or circular molecule. 2. What is the name for a protein shell enclosing the viral genome? The name of the protein shell that encloses the viral genome is a capsid. 3. What are viral envelopes and what is their function? They are membranes that cloak the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome. 4. Define host range. It is the limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasite. 5. List the full steps of the simplified viral reproductive cycle. 1.) Virus enters cell and is uncoated, releasing viral DNA and capsid proteins 2.) Host enzymes replicate the†¦show more content†¦15. Describe the reproductive cycle of HIV, a retrovirus. The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane. The capsid proteins are removed, releasing the viral proteins and RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a second DNA strand complementary to the first. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated as a provirus into the cell’s DNA. Proviral genes are transcribed into RNA molecules, which serve as genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation into viral proteins. The viral proteins include capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in the cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER). Vesicles transport the glycoproteins from the ER to the cell’s plasma membrane. Capsids are assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase molecules. New viruses bud off from the host cell. 16. What are vaccines? They are harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen 17. What are the three processes that contribute to the emergence of viral diseases? The mutation of existing viruses, the spread of existing viruses from one host species to another, and the dissemination of a viral disease from a small, isolated population that can lead to widespread epidemics. 18. List and explain the two major routesShow MoreRelatedExploring Biology854 Words   |  4 PagesAP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Begin your study of biology this year by reading Chapter 1. It will serve as a reminder about biological concepts that you may have learned in an earlier course and give you an overview of what you will study this year. 1. 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Curiosity takes Alice down the rabbit hole and this leadsRead MoreDivine Design Journal Response : Dr. Kent Ingle s Book, Devine Design977 Words   |  4 PagesDivine Design Journal Response One In the introduction and first three steps of Dr. Kent Ingle’s book, Devine Design, provides a guide to help us guide our lives and find our divine design. In step one he explains how we must find the catalysts in our life. A catalyst is something that provokes or speeds a significant change or action (19). What Ingle is saying in this first step is that you cannot be afraid to take on the adventures of life. When a new adventure or opportunity arises be brave and

The Treaty of Versailles - 1684 Words

A. Plan of Investigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the reactions those terms triggered. Many sources, both primary and secondary, also examine how those reactions resulted in a failure in the attempt of brining permanent peace. Two sources were evaluated for their origins,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Germany was allowed fifteen days to write their observations of the entire treaty (Clemenceau). †¢ If Germany refused to sign the treaty, the armistice would end and the Allies would invade their country (Watt 447). †¢ Germany was upset because they were not invited to the Peace Conference and had no say in the treaty (Trueman). †¢ According to historian Chris Trueman, anger spread throughout Germany. Many felt they were treated unfairly, especially regarding the â€Å"War Guilt Clause†. The citizens believed they were being punished for the government’s mistakes. The citizens did not declare war; it was the government (Lu). †¢ Brockdorff-Rantzau felt he had no choice but to sign document, even though many Germans did not want to sign the treaty (Watt 395). †¢ On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors by 32 nations (Marks 396). IV. Terms of the treaty that were successfully carried out and failures of the treaty †¢ According to Chris Trueman, the League of Nations was created, land was successfully taken from Germany, their army and navy was reduced, their air force was eliminated. Many parts of the treaty were carried out (Trueman). †¢ Although the League of Nations was created, Germany was initially excluded from the League of Nations, therefore, defeating its purpose of bringing world peace (Trueman). †¢ The reparation demands were reduced in 1921 because Germany was unable to pay whatShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty Of Versailles Treaty1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe defeat of the Central Powers (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire) and the signage of the Versailles Treaty. 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Additionally the article states that it is British intervention in the domestic policies of poland that prevented a peaceful solution from beingRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Versailles Treaty1861 Words   |  8 PagesWhat responsibility did each of the â€Å"Big Three† have for the failure of the Versailles Treaty to bring peace to Europe? Be sure to discuss what each wanted to accomplish. The treaty of the Versailles was an agreement between France, England and the United states. Its intentions were to prevent a second world war however, it was a total fail. An obvious reason for not being effective could be because not everyone was included in the conference such as Russia, and Central Powers. Instead, Prime ministerRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans, instead with the harsh end terms for Germany, it created political and economic chaos in Germany. By the end of the First World War, Germany had surrendered and signed a peace agreement. The task of forming a peace agreement was now in the hands of the Allies. In December of 1918, the Allies met in Versailles to start on the peace settlement. The main countries and their representatives were: The UnitedRead More Treaty of Versailles1280 Words   |  6 Pages The end of World War I was finalized by the s igning of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. It was signed by Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan but not the United States, as the U.S. drafted its own treaty with Germany in 1921. Many historians argue that the Treaty of Versailles was the major cause of World War II which occurred twenty years later. On the Treaty’s most superficial level, the extreme punishment and fines that were levied by the Allied Powers on the Germans were causesRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles In Germany : The Causes Of The Treaty Of Versailles751 Words   |  4 PagesA treaty that was designed to end all wars actually ended up setting the stage for the worst one that the world has ever seen. The newly formed German democratic government saw the Versailles Treaty as a â€Å"dictated peace† (Diktat). The peace treaty did not ultimately help to settle the international disputes which had initiated World War I; on the contrary, the treaty exposed the underlying issues which had cau sed the war in the first place. Hitler was able to gain a foothold in German society andRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles2228 Words   |  9 PagesUpon signing the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, then British Prime Minister Lloyd George declared: â€Å"We will have to fight another war in 25 years time, and at three times the cost.† This ominous prediction came true as the controversial peace settlement brought no end to conflict in Europe. The Treaty was described by critics as Carthaginian: a peace so brutal it crushes the defeated side. This was the intention of the Allies, who felt a disabled Germany was the best way to preserve peace. ThisRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1324 Words   |  6 PagesTreaty of Versailles Essay One of the most important documents ever, The Treaty of Versailles was proposed to be a peace settlement between the victorious Allies and the defeated Germans at the outcome of World War I. The document was a major disaster and did not serve any of the purposes it was drawn for. The harsh provisions of the treaty along with its unfair orders to Germany led to the worlds most horrific leader come to power and also set the platform for another war. The treaty became aRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1055 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference The Treaty of Versailles was formally drafted and World War I was finally brought to an end. The treaty was drafted by the Allied Powers, which consisted of Great Britain, France and the United States. This treaty blamed the war solely on Germany, and it required them to pay an amount of â€Å"$33 billion dollars in reparations, cede all of colonies, dismantle their air force, and greatly reduce their other military operat ions†(German Delegation, 291). 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Globalization Maquiladoras and Their Negative Impact free essay sample

Globalization: Maquiladoras and Their Negative Impact upon the Environment and Women in Mexico As firms increased commerce by expanding their business into markets located in different countries, numerous trade barriers and international restrictions have been progressively disabled. This cross-border trading has changed the once historically distinct and separate national markets into a global marketplace. Now the economies of countries throughout the world have become interpedently linked. This process of global integration is called globalization. However, the impact of globalization expands further than economic transformation and unification. In the Hispanic country of Mexico, globalization has given rise to maquiladoras. The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language defines maquiladoras as, â€Å"an assembly plant in Mexico, especially one along the border between the United States and Mexico, to which foreign materials and parts are shipped and from which the finished product is returned to the original market†. The emergence of maquiladoras in Mexico has exposed the country to environmental pollution and a tolerance for the mistreatment of female maquiladora employees. According to Thomas L. Friedman, the author of The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, the current state of globalization has occurred due to three crucial three eras. The first era is classified as â€Å"Globalization 1. 0†. It began with the emergence of trade between â€Å"the Old World and the New World† marked by Columbus’ exploration in 1492 and lasted until 1800 (Friedman 9). During this period, countries sought to define themselves by the level of manpower and ingenuity they possessed, and how skilled they were at utilizing their resources. The motivating force of globalization among countries was to secure their place in global commerce by finding ways to work with others. This era was significant because countries changed from being self-contained to more cooperative and willing to trade with other countries. The second era is â€Å"Globalization 2. 0† which took place from 1800 to 2000 (Friedman 10). This period was led by multinational companies searching for new markets and sources of labor. Their drive for commerce laid the foundation for a global economy. The products and information these multinational companies transported across continents inspired the creation of technological advancements. Friedman states that tools such as the steam engine, railroad, telegraph, telephone, personal computer, satellite, fiber-optic cable, and the World Wide Web fueled globalization by reducing transportation and telecommunication costs. The third era is â€Å"Globalization 3. † which began in 2000 and is continuing into the present (Friedman 10). This period has enabled individuals with the skills and tools essential for global communication and global commerce. Before this period only countries and companies had the capabilities needed to operate globally. As globalization spread throughout the world, maquiladoras began to emerge in Mexico during the 1960’s (Gruben 11). Acc ording to William C. Gruben, the author of â€Å"Was NAFTA Behind Mexico’s High Maquiladora Growth†, the expansion of maquiladoras in Mexico can be attributed to the North American Free Trade Agreement. The North American Free Trade Agreement, otherwise known as NAFTA, is an agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico which eliminated tariffs that were barriers to trade. NAFTA was established on January 1, 1994. The following two years marked a significant growth in the number of maquiladoras. In 1994, there were 2,200 Maquiladora plants with 550,000 workers. Then in 1996 maquiladoras grew to over 3,000 plants employing over 800,000 workers (Cooney, 55). The majority of maquiladoras are located along the U. S. Mexico border in the cities of Ciudad Juarez, Tijuana, El Paso, and Chihuahua. Population levels in urban areas have risen significantly due the promise of higher paying jobs and a better quality of life where maquiladoras are located (Gruben 11). The documentary, Maquila: A Tale of Two Mexicos, showcased the migration of people hired by maquiladoras that came from poverty stricken areas, such as Guerro, Chiapas, and Veracruz. These workers left their homes with th e hope of earning a higher income to provide a better life for themselves and their families. However, these workers soon found out the only things available for them were low wages, dangerous work conditions, environmental hazards, and no protection from their government. In the documentary all employees complained of severely low wages, but the most significant complaints were from the female Maquiladora workers and the residents who lived near the maquiladoras. The female workers complained of being verbally and physically abused by their male supervisors while the residents complained of companies dumping toxic waste into local living areas. The concerns addressed by these people are not limited to the confines of this documentary. Countless urban residents in Mexico fear for their environmental safety and women fear for their well-being. Compared to the United States, environmental laws in Mexico are not enforced with the same level of significance; this is particularly true for multinational companies. Since the establishment of NAFTA, it would appear as though the Mexican government has allowed multinational companies to be irresponsible in regards to labor and environmental laws. Even companies from the United States have not maintained the same level of environmental standards in Mexico as they would be expected to do so in America. Companies have acted negligently by not providing basic safety equipment, such as â€Å"gloves and masks, or installing ventilation systems† (Cooney 62). In addition, they have not taken the proper measures to install air pollution control devices or oversee the disposal of waste, and use cheap methods of production which has caused the production of more unsafe waste and pollution. The Paso del Norte is located along the U. S. -Mexico border and is contains of the cities Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, and El Paso, Texas. This area has received poor air quality standards, and the cities of Ciudad Juarez and El Paso are known as having the worst â€Å"levels of ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter† (Blackman 6). A vast amount of scientific evidence has shown that the levels of air pollution similar to these cities cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and under prolong exposure can shorten one’s life expectancy. Moreover, the air pollution causes damage to the environment. The type of environmental damage that occurs under these conditions involves undrinkable water, acid rain, and malnourished agriculture (Blackman 7). All of these are caused by maquiladoras not taking the initiative to dispose of toxic waste properly (Cooney 70). The people who live near the factories suffer from these health problems due to the environmental waste and toxic gas exposed by these factories. Women are the primary workforce in maquiladoras. Women are typically in their twenties and most are single daughters attempting to help their families generate additional income. While they are employed in maquiladoras, it is common for random pregnancy tests to be administered. If the women are tested positive, most are fired immediately. It has even been documented pregnant women have been given pills that induce miscarriages under the camouflage of vitamins. It is also common for women to be confined to their workstations until their break time or end of shift without being allowed to receive a drink of water or use the bathroom (Cooney 72). Globalization has contributed toward the strengthening of economies in many countries throughout the world. It has integrated countries and created a global marketplace where almost every country in some way, shape, or form are interdependent. Mexico benefited from globalization by having multinational companies invest in maquiladora production. This expansion of firms has created jobs, raised Mexico’s economy, and positioned Mexico as one of the most popular countries in the world to outsource labor. However, do to the earned benefits from globalization outweigh the negative impacts globalization has imposed upon the environment and women maquiladora workers? The Mexican government and NAFTA have not maintained regulations that prohibit the exploitation of the Mexican environmental and maquiladora employees. The maquiladora plants have not maintained the same level standards of environmental protection or employee rights in Mexico as they would be expected to do in their home countries.

Handbook of Business and the Environment - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Handbook of Business and the Environment. Answer: Introduction System is the separate parts that are interrelated to each other for working towards common goals. System thinking approach helps in addressing and resolving these sustainability challenges (Moscardo 2013). The study is focusing on a wicked problem faced due to the food waste in UK household. The system thinking concentrates on the individual parts of the problem and creates the interrelation between those parts. The study would thus concentrates on the development of the theoretical model suitable to define system thinking in resolving the issues with household food waste in UK. Furthermore, the study would describe the three pillars of sustainability to develop the clear understanding regarding the wicked problem chosen for this study. Household food waste is one of the most challenging issues in the sustainability parameter in UK. It is evident that UK family is wasting nearly 60 per month by throwing away the entire meal each day. A report is showing that the most of the challenges arise due to the ongoing scale of household food waste in UK. It is noticed that Britons are throwing almost 24 meals a month and adding up to 4.2 million tones of drink and food every year, which could have been consumed (Derbyshire.gov.uk 2018). Even half of these foods go straight from the refrigerator into the bin. In fact, it is reported that the household in UK waste the one-fifth of the food of which almost 60% could have been eaten. In Britons, people are still throwing away almost 86 million chickens every year (Sheffield 2018). Mostly, breads, milk, and potatoes are the top three meals that are thrown away by the UK household. The equivalent of 5.8m potatoes, 24m bread slices, and 5.9m glasses of milk are wasted per day (Smit hers 2018). In addition to this, it has been observed that the pastries and cakes also belong to the top 10 items that are wasted every day in UK. The Waste Resources Action Program (WRAP), the governments waste advisory body, has presented the report, which reflects that since 2007, the avoidable household food waste has been reduced by almost 21% to 4.2m tones that saved almost 13bn (Wrap.org.uk 2018). WRAP also reported that UK government has failed to reach the predetermined target of cutting household food waste in 2015. The system thinking approach is thus undertaken for going deeper into the problem to resolve the issues and maintain sustainability. In order to develop the understanding regarding the household food waste, it is essential to identify the reasons behind the continuous food wastages. Dui?, Urbaniec and Huisingh (2015) defined that the food waste in the household sometimes involves the psychological factors. For example, people sometimes do not care or unaware about the sustainability challenges that might occur due to the food waste. Many people even can afford to waste the extra foods instead of giving it away to the needy people. Dawodu, Akinwolemiwa and Cheshmehzangi (2017) identified that high quality standards and the inefficient purchase planning lead to food waste. On the contrary, Haines (2016) argued that some upper class in the UK family buy too much or cook too much due to which they tend to waste food more. Even sometimes, the lack of kitchen skills affects the food quality that does not taste good to people. Therefore, they often waste the food due to their reluctance in consuming the poor quality food s. Many people are much conscious about the food safety and they become high sensitive in consuming the healthy foods. They often thus waste the food, which affects the balance in maintaining sustainability. There are some of the socio-economic characteristics of the food waste also found in the generation. It has been observed that age-younger people generate more food waste. In fact, it is also noticed that people with higher income rate generate the food waste eve more than the people in middle income rate. The monetary factors create more effects on this household food waste that affects the sustainability parameter. Mulligan (2014) observed that larger size household produce the food waste more than the single family household. This waste is generally measured on a per capital basis. Among the single household, the households with younger children tend to waste the food much significantly. These specific characteristics of household food waste create the sustainability issues i n UK much recognizably. According to Benn et al. (2014), every system is the assimilation of the interconnected parts that affect the entire systems including the other associated part. Going deeper into the problem would provide the proper solution to the issues. The six stages of the system thinking provide the six types of systematic approach to understand the complex problem and presenting the suitable solutions accordingly. The first stage of system thinking is tell the story, which indicates that the problem can be understood by looking deeper into the whole system instead of any individual part (Jackson 2010). For example, household food waste in UK is a crucial matter in UK. However, it is required concentrating on the entire food habits and waste habits for understanding the source of issues more precisely. The use of the concept maps help in understanding the issue in a prominent way. The second stage is Drawing Behaviour Over Time (BOT) graphs. It defines that while thinking about the problem, pe ople are mostly influenced by the current situation even though the problem follows a particular time dimension (Ricketts 2012). This graph represents a curve that defines the specific behaviour through the time indication. For example, if food waste is the problem to sustainability then the time horizon of issues would be the other segment of the curve. This time specification would help in understanding whether the issues with the household food waste can be resolved or not. The third stage is to create a focusing statement, which provides the clear vision about the problem solving process and defines the target of the team to resolve the issue (Weber and Soderstrom 2011). For instance, UK government had set a target to reduce the percentage of the food waste by 2015. However, the government failed to achieve the target. Hence, the time period within which the target was set to resolve the issue falls under this third stage of system thinking. The fourth stage is the identification of the structure, which presents the statement after having the clear vision about the problem (Weber and Soderstrom 2011). The recognition of the behavioural pattern associated with the description of the issue defines this stage more appropriately. In describing the wicked problem of household food waste, the behavioral pattern of the people is needed to be recognized more clearly. The fifth stage is going deeper into the issue, which tends to look after the underlying probl ems (Robertson 2014). It clarifies the four items, such as purpose of the entire system, the mental models, the larger system, and the personal role in the specific situation. While discussing the wicked problem, it is necessary to address these specifications to dig deeper into the matter. The final stage is to plan an intervention, which requires the collected data regarding the issues chosen for the study (Pandey and Kumar 2016). In order to develop the intervention phase, it is essential to collect the sufficient information regarding the household food waste in UK. The modifications made in the current situation would be helpful enough in connecting to the related parts associated with the thinking system. The intervention leads to reach the desirable behaviour for resolving the issue. The maintenance of this system thinking approach can provide the necessary insights regarding the issues with the household food waste in UK. The three pillars of sustainability is a conceptual management tool that provides the insightful ideas about the three major components of sustainability, such as social, environment, and economic (Mulligan 2014). The household food waste in UK creates the adverse effects on these three pillars of sustainability. In discussing the economic factors in household food waste, it has been observed that it plays the significant role in molding the minds of the people. In the year of 2009, WRAP developed the econometric model, which examines the interplay between the macroeconomic factors (Sheffield 2018). Such of these factors are the household awareness regarding the food waste, the income rate, waste ratio of the household, and the weight of the food they purchase on a daily basis. In the year of 2011, WRAP published the report that revealed that 1.1 million tones reduction in the household food waste between the years of 2007 to 2010 (Sustainablefoodtrust.org 2018). Food waste not only damages the economy, it equally affects the environmental functions. It is notable that food is produced through production, distribution, stores, and cooking process. The use of the fuel, energy, and water is necessary and these elements emit the greenhouse gas that contributes to the climate change. When the food is wasted, it wastes the water as well. One loaf of bread consumes 100 buckets of water whereas a chicken breast consumes 54 buckets of water (Derbyshire.gov.uk 2018). Therefore, it is an issue of environmental sustainability as well. On the other hand, the report also reveals about the social impacts on food waste. In spite of the target set by the government, it has been observed that the food waste is a persisting issue in UK household. Many people in society are going hungry whereas the upper society is considerably wasting more amounts of foods per day. It is notable that younger generation in the society is more likely wasting food. Many people ha ve become more health conscious and their sensitiveness towards healthy food makes them wasting food more. Hence, it is an societal issue that is needed to be reduced. The household in UK waste the one-fifth of the food of which almost 60% could have been eaten or provided to the people who need it. In describing the societal impacts, it is also notable that high quality standards and the inefficient purchase planning lead to food waste (Weber and Soderstrom 2011). There are some of the socio-economic characteristics of the food waste also found in the generation. It has been observed that age-younger people generate more food waste. Until there is an awareness program arranged alerting people about the reduction of food waste, the ratio would increase per year. Moreover, it is also necessary for the UK government to undertaken the hands on approach to reduce such issues more precisely. A joined up policies against such food waste could help the UK government to reach the target of reducing this food waste ratio. Conclusion The study is widely focusing on the system thinking approach to reduce the issue with household food waste in UK. It has been observed that Britons are throwing almost 24 meals a month and adding up to 4.2 million tones of drink and food every year, which could have been consumed. The Waste Resources Action Program (WRAP), the governments waste advisory body, has presented the report, which reflects that the considerable amount of food waste is affecting the economy of UK in a significant manner. The unawareness regarding the food sustainability, the tendency of young generation to consume larger amount of healthy foods, the nature of people belong to high income scale of food wasting are the major reasons of such food waste in UK. The system thinking approach helps in going deeper to the issues to analyze how the issues can be resolved. The effects created on the society, environment, and economic aspects are needed to be followed up by the UK government. It is essential to take so me hands on approaches to deal with the problem and reduce the ratio of household food waste. References Benn, S., Dunphy, Dexter, Griffiths, and Andrew 2014 Organizational Change for Corporate Sustainability. Third ed. Taylor and Francis, Hoboken. Dawodu, A., Akinwolemiwa, B. and Cheshmehzangi, A., 2017. 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