Reaction Rate Constant Definition and Equation

The rate constant is a proportionality factor in the rate law of chemical kinetics that relates the molar concentration of reactants to reaction rate. It is also known as the reaction rate constant or reaction rate coefficient and is indicated in an equation by the letter k. Key Takeaways: Rate Constant The rate constant, k, is a proportionality constant that indicates the relationship between the molar concentration of reactants and the rate of a chemical reaction.The rate constant may be found experimentally, using the molar concentrations of the reactants and the order of reaction. Alternatively, it may be calculated using the Arrhenius equation.The units of the rate constant depend on the order of reaction.The rate constant isnt a true constant, since its value depends on temperature and other factors. Rate Constant Equation For a general chemical reaction: aA bB → cC dD the rate of the chemical reaction may be calculated as: Rate k[A]a[B]b Rearranging the terms, the rate constant is: rate constant (k) Rate / ([A]a[B]a) Here, k is the rate constant and [A] and [B] are the molar concentrations of the reactants A and B. The letters a and b represent the order of the reaction with respect to A and the order of the reaction with respect to b. Their values are determined experimentally. Together, they give the order of the reaction, n: a b n For example, if doubling the concentration of A doubles the reaction rate or quadrupling the concentration of A quadruples the reaction rate, then the reaction is first order with respect to A. The rate constant is: k Rate / [A] If you double the concentration of A and the reaction rate increases four times, the rate of the reaction is proportional to the square of the concentration of A. The reaction is second order with respect to A. k Rate / [A]2 Rate Constant From the Arrhenius Equation The rate constant may also be expressed using the Arrhenius equation: k Ae-Ea/RT Here, A is a constant for the frequency of particle collisions, Ea is the activation energy of the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. From the Arrhenius equation, it is apparent that temperature is the main factor that affects the rate of a chemical reaction. Ideally, the rate constant accounts for all of the variables impacting reaction rate. Rate Constant Units The units of the rate constant depend on the order of reaction. In general, for a reaction with order a b, the units of the rate constant are mol1−(mn) ·L(mn)−1 ·s−1 For a zero order reaction, the rate constant has units molar per second (M/s) or mole per liter per second (mol ·L−1 ·s−1)For a first order reaction, the rate constant has units of per second of s-1For a second order reaction, the rate constant has units of liter per mole per second (L ·mol−1 ·s−1) or (M−1 ·s−1)For a third order reaction, the rate constant has units of liter squared per mole squares per second (L2 ·mol−2 ·s−1) or (M−2 ·s−1) Other Calculations and Simulations For higher order reactions or for dynamic chemical reactions, chemists apply a variety of molecular dynamics simulations using computer software. These methods include Divided Saddle Theory, the Bennett Chandler procedure, and Milestoning. Not a True Constant Despite its name, the rate constant isnt actually a constant. It only holds true at a constant temperature. Its affected by adding or changing a catalyst, changing the pressure, or even by stirring the chemicals. It doesnt apply if anything changes in a reaction besides the concentration of the reactants. Also, it doesnt work very well if a reaction contains large molecules at a high concentration because the Arrhenius equation assumes reactants are perfect spheres that perform ideal collisions. Sources Connors, Kenneth (1990).  Chemical Kinetics: The Study of Reaction Rates in Solution. John Wiley Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-72020-1.Daru, Jà ¡nos; Stirling, Andrà ¡s (2014). Divided Saddle Theory: A New Idea for Rate Constant Calculation. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10 (3): 1121–1127. doi:10.1021/ct400970yIsaacs, Neil S. (1995). Section 2.8.3.  Physical Organic Chemistry  (2nd ed.). Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 9780582218635.IUPAC (1997)  Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book).Laidler, K. J., Meiser, J.H. (1982).  Physical Chemistry. Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-5682-7.

Essay about Reading guide chapter 19 - 662 Words

AP Biology Name Allison Werts Period 2 Chapter 19 guided Reading Assignment 1. What kind of nucleic acids are the viral genomes made of? A singular linear or circular molecule. 2. What is the name for a protein shell enclosing the viral genome? The name of the protein shell that encloses the viral genome is a capsid. 3. What are viral envelopes and what is their function? They are membranes that cloak the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome. 4. Define host range. It is the limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasite. 5. List the full steps of the simplified viral reproductive cycle. 1.) Virus enters cell and is uncoated, releasing viral DNA and capsid proteins 2.) Host enzymes replicate the†¦show more content†¦15. Describe the reproductive cycle of HIV, a retrovirus. The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane. The capsid proteins are removed, releasing the viral proteins and RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a second DNA strand complementary to the first. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated as a provirus into the cell’s DNA. Proviral genes are transcribed into RNA molecules, which serve as genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation into viral proteins. The viral proteins include capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in the cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER). Vesicles transport the glycoproteins from the ER to the cell’s plasma membrane. Capsids are assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase molecules. New viruses bud off from the host cell. 16. What are vaccines? They are harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen 17. What are the three processes that contribute to the emergence of viral diseases? The mutation of existing viruses, the spread of existing viruses from one host species to another, and the dissemination of a viral disease from a small, isolated population that can lead to widespread epidemics. 18. List and explain the two major routesShow MoreRelatedExploring Biology854 Words   |  4 PagesAP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Begin your study of biology this year by reading Chapter 1. It will serve as a reminder about biological concepts that you may have learned in an earlier course and give you an overview of what you will study this year. 1. 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The Treaty of Versailles - 1684 Words

A. Plan of Investigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the reactions those terms triggered. Many sources, both primary and secondary, also examine how those reactions resulted in a failure in the attempt of brining permanent peace. Two sources were evaluated for their origins,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Germany was allowed fifteen days to write their observations of the entire treaty (Clemenceau). †¢ If Germany refused to sign the treaty, the armistice would end and the Allies would invade their country (Watt 447). †¢ Germany was upset because they were not invited to the Peace Conference and had no say in the treaty (Trueman). †¢ According to historian Chris Trueman, anger spread throughout Germany. Many felt they were treated unfairly, especially regarding the â€Å"War Guilt Clause†. The citizens believed they were being punished for the government’s mistakes. The citizens did not declare war; it was the government (Lu). †¢ Brockdorff-Rantzau felt he had no choice but to sign document, even though many Germans did not want to sign the treaty (Watt 395). †¢ On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors by 32 nations (Marks 396). IV. Terms of the treaty that were successfully carried out and failures of the treaty †¢ According to Chris Trueman, the League of Nations was created, land was successfully taken from Germany, their army and navy was reduced, their air force was eliminated. Many parts of the treaty were carried out (Trueman). †¢ Although the League of Nations was created, Germany was initially excluded from the League of Nations, therefore, defeating its purpose of bringing world peace (Trueman). †¢ The reparation demands were reduced in 1921 because Germany was unable to pay whatShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty Of Versailles Treaty1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe defeat of the Central Powers (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire) and the signage of the Versailles Treaty. 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Additionally the article states that it is British intervention in the domestic policies of poland that prevented a peaceful solution from beingRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Versailles Treaty1861 Words   |  8 PagesWhat responsibility did each of the â€Å"Big Three† have for the failure of the Versailles Treaty to bring peace to Europe? Be sure to discuss what each wanted to accomplish. The treaty of the Versailles was an agreement between France, England and the United states. Its intentions were to prevent a second world war however, it was a total fail. An obvious reason for not being effective could be because not everyone was included in the conference such as Russia, and Central Powers. Instead, Prime ministerRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans, instead with the harsh end terms for Germany, it created political and economic chaos in Germany. 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Hitler was able to gain a foothold in German society andRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles2228 Words   |  9 PagesUpon signing the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, then British Prime Minister Lloyd George declared: â€Å"We will have to fight another war in 25 years time, and at three times the cost.† This ominous prediction came true as the controversial peace settlement brought no end to conflict in Europe. The Treaty was described by critics as Carthaginian: a peace so brutal it crushes the defeated side. This was the intention of the Allies, who felt a disabled Germany was the best way to preserve peace. ThisRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1324 Words   |  6 PagesTreaty of Versailles Essay One of the most important documents ever, The Treaty of Versailles was proposed to be a peace settlement between the victorious Allies and the defeated Germans at the outcome of World War I. The document was a major disaster and did not serve any of the purposes it was drawn for. The harsh provisions of the treaty along with its unfair orders to Germany led to the worlds most horrific leader come to power and also set the platform for another war. The treaty became aRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1055 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference The Treaty of Versailles was formally drafted and World War I was finally brought to an end. The treaty was drafted by the Allied Powers, which consisted of Great Britain, France and the United States. This treaty blamed the war solely on Germany, and it required them to pay an amount of â€Å"$33 billion dollars in reparations, cede all of colonies, dismantle their air force, and greatly reduce their other military operat ions†(German Delegation, 291). 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Globalization Maquiladoras and Their Negative Impact free essay sample

Globalization: Maquiladoras and Their Negative Impact upon the Environment and Women in Mexico As firms increased commerce by expanding their business into markets located in different countries, numerous trade barriers and international restrictions have been progressively disabled. This cross-border trading has changed the once historically distinct and separate national markets into a global marketplace. Now the economies of countries throughout the world have become interpedently linked. This process of global integration is called globalization. However, the impact of globalization expands further than economic transformation and unification. In the Hispanic country of Mexico, globalization has given rise to maquiladoras. The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language defines maquiladoras as, â€Å"an assembly plant in Mexico, especially one along the border between the United States and Mexico, to which foreign materials and parts are shipped and from which the finished product is returned to the original market†. The emergence of maquiladoras in Mexico has exposed the country to environmental pollution and a tolerance for the mistreatment of female maquiladora employees. According to Thomas L. Friedman, the author of The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, the current state of globalization has occurred due to three crucial three eras. The first era is classified as â€Å"Globalization 1. 0†. It began with the emergence of trade between â€Å"the Old World and the New World† marked by Columbus’ exploration in 1492 and lasted until 1800 (Friedman 9). During this period, countries sought to define themselves by the level of manpower and ingenuity they possessed, and how skilled they were at utilizing their resources. The motivating force of globalization among countries was to secure their place in global commerce by finding ways to work with others. This era was significant because countries changed from being self-contained to more cooperative and willing to trade with other countries. The second era is â€Å"Globalization 2. 0† which took place from 1800 to 2000 (Friedman 10). This period was led by multinational companies searching for new markets and sources of labor. Their drive for commerce laid the foundation for a global economy. The products and information these multinational companies transported across continents inspired the creation of technological advancements. Friedman states that tools such as the steam engine, railroad, telegraph, telephone, personal computer, satellite, fiber-optic cable, and the World Wide Web fueled globalization by reducing transportation and telecommunication costs. The third era is â€Å"Globalization 3. † which began in 2000 and is continuing into the present (Friedman 10). This period has enabled individuals with the skills and tools essential for global communication and global commerce. Before this period only countries and companies had the capabilities needed to operate globally. As globalization spread throughout the world, maquiladoras began to emerge in Mexico during the 1960’s (Gruben 11). Acc ording to William C. Gruben, the author of â€Å"Was NAFTA Behind Mexico’s High Maquiladora Growth†, the expansion of maquiladoras in Mexico can be attributed to the North American Free Trade Agreement. The North American Free Trade Agreement, otherwise known as NAFTA, is an agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico which eliminated tariffs that were barriers to trade. NAFTA was established on January 1, 1994. The following two years marked a significant growth in the number of maquiladoras. In 1994, there were 2,200 Maquiladora plants with 550,000 workers. Then in 1996 maquiladoras grew to over 3,000 plants employing over 800,000 workers (Cooney, 55). The majority of maquiladoras are located along the U. S. Mexico border in the cities of Ciudad Juarez, Tijuana, El Paso, and Chihuahua. Population levels in urban areas have risen significantly due the promise of higher paying jobs and a better quality of life where maquiladoras are located (Gruben 11). The documentary, Maquila: A Tale of Two Mexicos, showcased the migration of people hired by maquiladoras that came from poverty stricken areas, such as Guerro, Chiapas, and Veracruz. These workers left their homes with th e hope of earning a higher income to provide a better life for themselves and their families. However, these workers soon found out the only things available for them were low wages, dangerous work conditions, environmental hazards, and no protection from their government. In the documentary all employees complained of severely low wages, but the most significant complaints were from the female Maquiladora workers and the residents who lived near the maquiladoras. The female workers complained of being verbally and physically abused by their male supervisors while the residents complained of companies dumping toxic waste into local living areas. The concerns addressed by these people are not limited to the confines of this documentary. Countless urban residents in Mexico fear for their environmental safety and women fear for their well-being. Compared to the United States, environmental laws in Mexico are not enforced with the same level of significance; this is particularly true for multinational companies. Since the establishment of NAFTA, it would appear as though the Mexican government has allowed multinational companies to be irresponsible in regards to labor and environmental laws. Even companies from the United States have not maintained the same level of environmental standards in Mexico as they would be expected to do so in America. Companies have acted negligently by not providing basic safety equipment, such as â€Å"gloves and masks, or installing ventilation systems† (Cooney 62). In addition, they have not taken the proper measures to install air pollution control devices or oversee the disposal of waste, and use cheap methods of production which has caused the production of more unsafe waste and pollution. The Paso del Norte is located along the U. S. -Mexico border and is contains of the cities Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, and El Paso, Texas. This area has received poor air quality standards, and the cities of Ciudad Juarez and El Paso are known as having the worst â€Å"levels of ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter† (Blackman 6). A vast amount of scientific evidence has shown that the levels of air pollution similar to these cities cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and under prolong exposure can shorten one’s life expectancy. Moreover, the air pollution causes damage to the environment. The type of environmental damage that occurs under these conditions involves undrinkable water, acid rain, and malnourished agriculture (Blackman 7). All of these are caused by maquiladoras not taking the initiative to dispose of toxic waste properly (Cooney 70). The people who live near the factories suffer from these health problems due to the environmental waste and toxic gas exposed by these factories. Women are the primary workforce in maquiladoras. Women are typically in their twenties and most are single daughters attempting to help their families generate additional income. While they are employed in maquiladoras, it is common for random pregnancy tests to be administered. If the women are tested positive, most are fired immediately. It has even been documented pregnant women have been given pills that induce miscarriages under the camouflage of vitamins. It is also common for women to be confined to their workstations until their break time or end of shift without being allowed to receive a drink of water or use the bathroom (Cooney 72). Globalization has contributed toward the strengthening of economies in many countries throughout the world. It has integrated countries and created a global marketplace where almost every country in some way, shape, or form are interdependent. Mexico benefited from globalization by having multinational companies invest in maquiladora production. This expansion of firms has created jobs, raised Mexico’s economy, and positioned Mexico as one of the most popular countries in the world to outsource labor. However, do to the earned benefits from globalization outweigh the negative impacts globalization has imposed upon the environment and women maquiladora workers? The Mexican government and NAFTA have not maintained regulations that prohibit the exploitation of the Mexican environmental and maquiladora employees. The maquiladora plants have not maintained the same level standards of environmental protection or employee rights in Mexico as they would be expected to do in their home countries.

Handbook of Business and the Environment - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Handbook of Business and the Environment. Answer: Introduction System is the separate parts that are interrelated to each other for working towards common goals. System thinking approach helps in addressing and resolving these sustainability challenges (Moscardo 2013). The study is focusing on a wicked problem faced due to the food waste in UK household. The system thinking concentrates on the individual parts of the problem and creates the interrelation between those parts. The study would thus concentrates on the development of the theoretical model suitable to define system thinking in resolving the issues with household food waste in UK. Furthermore, the study would describe the three pillars of sustainability to develop the clear understanding regarding the wicked problem chosen for this study. Household food waste is one of the most challenging issues in the sustainability parameter in UK. It is evident that UK family is wasting nearly 60 per month by throwing away the entire meal each day. A report is showing that the most of the challenges arise due to the ongoing scale of household food waste in UK. It is noticed that Britons are throwing almost 24 meals a month and adding up to 4.2 million tones of drink and food every year, which could have been consumed (Derbyshire.gov.uk 2018). Even half of these foods go straight from the refrigerator into the bin. In fact, it is reported that the household in UK waste the one-fifth of the food of which almost 60% could have been eaten. In Britons, people are still throwing away almost 86 million chickens every year (Sheffield 2018). Mostly, breads, milk, and potatoes are the top three meals that are thrown away by the UK household. The equivalent of 5.8m potatoes, 24m bread slices, and 5.9m glasses of milk are wasted per day (Smit hers 2018). In addition to this, it has been observed that the pastries and cakes also belong to the top 10 items that are wasted every day in UK. The Waste Resources Action Program (WRAP), the governments waste advisory body, has presented the report, which reflects that since 2007, the avoidable household food waste has been reduced by almost 21% to 4.2m tones that saved almost 13bn (Wrap.org.uk 2018). WRAP also reported that UK government has failed to reach the predetermined target of cutting household food waste in 2015. The system thinking approach is thus undertaken for going deeper into the problem to resolve the issues and maintain sustainability. In order to develop the understanding regarding the household food waste, it is essential to identify the reasons behind the continuous food wastages. Dui?, Urbaniec and Huisingh (2015) defined that the food waste in the household sometimes involves the psychological factors. For example, people sometimes do not care or unaware about the sustainability challenges that might occur due to the food waste. Many people even can afford to waste the extra foods instead of giving it away to the needy people. Dawodu, Akinwolemiwa and Cheshmehzangi (2017) identified that high quality standards and the inefficient purchase planning lead to food waste. On the contrary, Haines (2016) argued that some upper class in the UK family buy too much or cook too much due to which they tend to waste food more. Even sometimes, the lack of kitchen skills affects the food quality that does not taste good to people. Therefore, they often waste the food due to their reluctance in consuming the poor quality food s. Many people are much conscious about the food safety and they become high sensitive in consuming the healthy foods. They often thus waste the food, which affects the balance in maintaining sustainability. There are some of the socio-economic characteristics of the food waste also found in the generation. It has been observed that age-younger people generate more food waste. In fact, it is also noticed that people with higher income rate generate the food waste eve more than the people in middle income rate. The monetary factors create more effects on this household food waste that affects the sustainability parameter. Mulligan (2014) observed that larger size household produce the food waste more than the single family household. This waste is generally measured on a per capital basis. Among the single household, the households with younger children tend to waste the food much significantly. These specific characteristics of household food waste create the sustainability issues i n UK much recognizably. According to Benn et al. (2014), every system is the assimilation of the interconnected parts that affect the entire systems including the other associated part. Going deeper into the problem would provide the proper solution to the issues. The six stages of the system thinking provide the six types of systematic approach to understand the complex problem and presenting the suitable solutions accordingly. The first stage of system thinking is tell the story, which indicates that the problem can be understood by looking deeper into the whole system instead of any individual part (Jackson 2010). For example, household food waste in UK is a crucial matter in UK. However, it is required concentrating on the entire food habits and waste habits for understanding the source of issues more precisely. The use of the concept maps help in understanding the issue in a prominent way. The second stage is Drawing Behaviour Over Time (BOT) graphs. It defines that while thinking about the problem, pe ople are mostly influenced by the current situation even though the problem follows a particular time dimension (Ricketts 2012). This graph represents a curve that defines the specific behaviour through the time indication. For example, if food waste is the problem to sustainability then the time horizon of issues would be the other segment of the curve. This time specification would help in understanding whether the issues with the household food waste can be resolved or not. The third stage is to create a focusing statement, which provides the clear vision about the problem solving process and defines the target of the team to resolve the issue (Weber and Soderstrom 2011). For instance, UK government had set a target to reduce the percentage of the food waste by 2015. However, the government failed to achieve the target. Hence, the time period within which the target was set to resolve the issue falls under this third stage of system thinking. The fourth stage is the identification of the structure, which presents the statement after having the clear vision about the problem (Weber and Soderstrom 2011). The recognition of the behavioural pattern associated with the description of the issue defines this stage more appropriately. In describing the wicked problem of household food waste, the behavioral pattern of the people is needed to be recognized more clearly. The fifth stage is going deeper into the issue, which tends to look after the underlying probl ems (Robertson 2014). It clarifies the four items, such as purpose of the entire system, the mental models, the larger system, and the personal role in the specific situation. While discussing the wicked problem, it is necessary to address these specifications to dig deeper into the matter. The final stage is to plan an intervention, which requires the collected data regarding the issues chosen for the study (Pandey and Kumar 2016). In order to develop the intervention phase, it is essential to collect the sufficient information regarding the household food waste in UK. The modifications made in the current situation would be helpful enough in connecting to the related parts associated with the thinking system. The intervention leads to reach the desirable behaviour for resolving the issue. The maintenance of this system thinking approach can provide the necessary insights regarding the issues with the household food waste in UK. The three pillars of sustainability is a conceptual management tool that provides the insightful ideas about the three major components of sustainability, such as social, environment, and economic (Mulligan 2014). The household food waste in UK creates the adverse effects on these three pillars of sustainability. In discussing the economic factors in household food waste, it has been observed that it plays the significant role in molding the minds of the people. In the year of 2009, WRAP developed the econometric model, which examines the interplay between the macroeconomic factors (Sheffield 2018). Such of these factors are the household awareness regarding the food waste, the income rate, waste ratio of the household, and the weight of the food they purchase on a daily basis. In the year of 2011, WRAP published the report that revealed that 1.1 million tones reduction in the household food waste between the years of 2007 to 2010 (Sustainablefoodtrust.org 2018). Food waste not only damages the economy, it equally affects the environmental functions. It is notable that food is produced through production, distribution, stores, and cooking process. The use of the fuel, energy, and water is necessary and these elements emit the greenhouse gas that contributes to the climate change. When the food is wasted, it wastes the water as well. One loaf of bread consumes 100 buckets of water whereas a chicken breast consumes 54 buckets of water (Derbyshire.gov.uk 2018). Therefore, it is an issue of environmental sustainability as well. On the other hand, the report also reveals about the social impacts on food waste. In spite of the target set by the government, it has been observed that the food waste is a persisting issue in UK household. Many people in society are going hungry whereas the upper society is considerably wasting more amounts of foods per day. It is notable that younger generation in the society is more likely wasting food. Many people ha ve become more health conscious and their sensitiveness towards healthy food makes them wasting food more. Hence, it is an societal issue that is needed to be reduced. The household in UK waste the one-fifth of the food of which almost 60% could have been eaten or provided to the people who need it. In describing the societal impacts, it is also notable that high quality standards and the inefficient purchase planning lead to food waste (Weber and Soderstrom 2011). There are some of the socio-economic characteristics of the food waste also found in the generation. It has been observed that age-younger people generate more food waste. Until there is an awareness program arranged alerting people about the reduction of food waste, the ratio would increase per year. Moreover, it is also necessary for the UK government to undertaken the hands on approach to reduce such issues more precisely. A joined up policies against such food waste could help the UK government to reach the target of reducing this food waste ratio. Conclusion The study is widely focusing on the system thinking approach to reduce the issue with household food waste in UK. It has been observed that Britons are throwing almost 24 meals a month and adding up to 4.2 million tones of drink and food every year, which could have been consumed. The Waste Resources Action Program (WRAP), the governments waste advisory body, has presented the report, which reflects that the considerable amount of food waste is affecting the economy of UK in a significant manner. The unawareness regarding the food sustainability, the tendency of young generation to consume larger amount of healthy foods, the nature of people belong to high income scale of food wasting are the major reasons of such food waste in UK. The system thinking approach helps in going deeper to the issues to analyze how the issues can be resolved. The effects created on the society, environment, and economic aspects are needed to be followed up by the UK government. It is essential to take so me hands on approaches to deal with the problem and reduce the ratio of household food waste. References Benn, S., Dunphy, Dexter, Griffiths, and Andrew 2014 Organizational Change for Corporate Sustainability. Third ed. Taylor and Francis, Hoboken. Dawodu, A., Akinwolemiwa, B. and Cheshmehzangi, A., 2017. A conceptual re-visualization of the adoption and utilization of the Pillars of Sustainability in the development of Neighbourhood Sustainability Assessment Tools.Sustainable cities and society,28, pp.398-410. Derbyshire.gov.uk, 2018.Environmental impact of food waste: Environment - Derbyshire County Council. [online] Derbyshire.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/environment/rubbish_waste/love_food_hate_waste/environmental-impact/default.asp [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018]. Dui?, N., Urbaniec, K. and Huisingh, D., 2015. Components and structures of the pillars of sustainability.Journal of cleaner production,88, pp.1-12. Haines, S., 2016.The systems thinking approach to strategic planning and management. CRC Press. Jackson, T, 2010, Prosperity without growth: Planning for a sustainable economy (THE ECONOMICS REVOLUTION). Pacific Ecologist, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 10-18. Moscardo, G 2013, Sustainability in Australian Business: Principles and practice. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Queensland. Mulligan, M 2014, An Introduction to Sustainability: Environmental, Social and Personal Perspectives, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken. Pandey, A. and Kumar, A., 2016. System Thinking Approach to Deal with Sustainability Challenges.Proceedings of International Conference on Science, Technology, Humanities and Business Management, pp.29-30. Ricketts, A 2012, The activists' handbook: a step-by-step guide to participatory democracy, Zed Books, London Robertson, M 2014 Sustainability Principles and Practice, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken Sheffield, H., 2018.Why is UK household food waste getting worse?. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/how-the-uks-household-food-waste-problem-is-getting-worse-a7520171.html [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018]. Smithers, R., 2018.Food waste report shows UK families throw away 24 meals a month. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/07/uk-households-food-waste [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018]. Sustainablefoodtrust.org, 2018.Sustainable Food Trust. [online] Sustainable Food Trust. Available at: https://sustainablefoodtrust.org/articles/why-are-uk-households-throwing-away-more-food/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018]. Weber, K., and Soderstrom, S. 2011, Social movements, Business and the Environment in Bansal, P Hoffman, A (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Business and the Environment, Oxford University Press, pp. 248-265 Wrap.org.uk, 2018.Econometric modelling and household food waste | WRAP UK. [online] Wrap.org.uk. Available at: https://www.wrap.org.uk/content/econometric-modelling-and-household-food-waste [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

New Deal free essay sample

Despite many dissatisfied Americans, the national mood was mixed as the 1932 election approached. Many discouraged Americans had blamed themselves for their economic hardships. Other unemployed Americans felt the deeper frustrations of the nation’s economic hardships. Regardless of their circumstances, most Americans believed that something completely new had to be tried. The Republicans unenthusiastically renominated Hoover, while the Democrats turned to New York governor Franklin Roosevelt. The Democrats won the 1932 election and Franklin Roosevelt was elected as president (The Election of 1932). Roosevelt won with his personal charm and willingness to experiment. Elected in November, Roosevelt would not begin his presidency until March 1933. Meanwhile, Americans suffered through the worst winter of depression. Unemployment continued to climb, and in three major industrial cities in Ohio, it was staggering, from 50 percent to 80 percent (Henretta, James A. ). Even with the help from private charities and public relief agencies, the needy were hardly helped at all. We will write a custom essay sample on New Deal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nation’s banking system was so close to collapsing that many state governors closed banks temporarily to avoid further withdrawals. At this time, the nation had hit rock bottom. The ideas between Hoover and Roosevelt were not much different. Both wished to maintain the nation’s economy and to save capitalism. They also believed in a balanced government budget and praised the values of hard work, and sacrifice. Roosevelt’s willingness to experiment made him more popular and more effective than Hoover. His New Deal programs put people to work and restored hope for the nation’s future. Roosevelt’s New Deal shocked Americans because it was so different from anything presented by other presidents. His close relationship with the American people was critical to his political success. Roosevelt’s use of the radio, especially his â€Å"fireside chats,† made him a special presence by comforting millions of Americans (The Fireside Chats). In Roosevelt’s â€Å"Hundred Days,† Congress enacted fifteen bills that focused on four problems that focused on banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and unemployment. The New Deal had an immense impact on American’s lives. Its principles of social welfare liberalism transformed Americans’ relationship with the government and provided assistance to the unemployed, the elderly, workers, and racial minorities. During the New Deal labor unions increased because of the Wagner Act, which upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions. These labor unions began to take political action, as well as beginning an alliance with the Democratic Party. The ultimate goal of the separation of public aid and social insurance was that social policy must either effectively incorporate social and cultural values that relate to the evaluation of individuals or use programs to create common social and political interests among large groups of dissimilar people. The separation of social insurance and public aid in the American model segregated the poor and marginal people in the work force from social programs. The separation also created a class that was dependent on programs that were less than generously funded and always seemed to be at the center of controversy. The losers in this American policy model were women, children, and people of color, because they all had a lower probability of having their needs well met by work-based social insurance (National Labor Relations Act (1935)). The banking system was the nation’s economic backbone, which soon failed, causing consumer spending and business investment to decrease. Widespread bank failures had cut into the savings of nearly nine million families. Bank failures also had account holders race to withdraw their funds. Roosevelt’s main focus was to tackle the nation’s economy and get banks back up and running. On March 5, 1933, Roosevelt closed all banks and four days later, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act. This act permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed that they had sufficient cash reserves. When Roosevelt reopened the banks, he reassured citizens of the safety of their money because deposits exceeded withdrawals. He also created the Glass Steagall Act, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. This act insured deposits up to $2,500 and prohibited banks from making risky investments. Roosevelt also allowed the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates by removing the U. S. Treasury from the gold standard (Powers, n. pag. ). After battling the weak banking system, Roosevelt and Congress then turned to agriculture and manufacturing. Farmers were always given cheap prices for land and low interest rates but the problem was overproduction. To solve this problem, Roosevelt created the Agricultural Adjustment Act. This act provided money to farmers who cut production of produce like cotton, rice, and tobacco. By supplying farmers’ money, they hoped farm prices would rise as production fell. The Agricultural Adjustment Act briefly stabilized the farm economy until the benefits became unevenly distributed. Roosevelt also created the National Industrial Recovery Act and the National Recovery Administration to help improve the declining industries production. The National Recovery Administration created self-governing associations in hundreds of industries. In order for industries to begin their own self-governing associations, they had to agree on prices and production quotas. The National Recovery Administration limited the power of large businesses so smaller businesses could gain consumer interests (National Recovery Administration). Both the Agricultural Adjustment Act and the National Recovery Administration were created to improve the U. S. ’s industries and stabilize the economy, and left many positive effects (Agricultural Adjustment Act). One of the most widespread problems Americans faced was unemployment. Private charities had done all they could and soon looked to Washington for help. Trying to help the people, Roosevelt asked Congress to provide relief for the millions of unemployed Americans. In response to the president, Congress established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which provided federal funds to state relief programs (Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)). The New Deal was a proven way that put people to work because in 1933 and a month after Congress established the Public Works Administration, over 2. 6 million men and women were put to work. The Public Works Administration was a construction program where Americans repaired bridges, built highways, and constructed public buildings. A more long-term program was the Civilian Conservation Corps, which consisted of 250,000 men to do conservation work. The Civilian Conservation Corps built bridges, roads, trails in many state and national parks (Public Works Administration). Throughout this period, women continued to play a prominent role in social welfare policy and program development. They had achieved suffrage in 1919 and had leadership roles in many organizations that promoted social services and social reform. However, the policies that developed from the depression emphasized the traditional role of women in social and economic life and tied the interests of women to maternity, childcare, and marriage. Groups such as African Americans, had a more visible role in the New Deal than in any previous government, but the New Deal coalition depended on southern Democrats and was constrained from supporting full equality. This was a time of legal segregation in the American South, and although organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had some visibility, civil rights gains were hard to come by. The employment programs of the New Deal did try to reduce discrimination, and Roosevelt ultimately created a Fair Employment Practices Commission in 1941. However, programs like the New Deals Agricultural Adjustment Act displaced thousands of minority farmworkers while compensating farm owners, and programs like Aid to Dependent Children would come to be seen as both prohibiting the economic participation of women and contributing to family problems (Batlan, n. pag. ). The civil rights movement had been a continuous element in American life, but it took on a new character after World War II. Beginning with the Montgomery bus boycott and the response to the murder of Emmett Till, it led to widespread protests and often-violent responses by southern authorities and segregationist individuals and groups. Martin Luther King, a young Baptist minister, became a national figure when the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee brought thousands of college students to work for voter registration in the South. The Kennedy administration was pressed to support a variety of measures that were introduced into Congress, and the administration proposed its own civil rights bill. In June 1963, President Kennedy gave a passionate television speech on behalf of the bill and the civil rights of African Americans. The speech was seen as courageous and a position that came to symbolize the Kennedy presidency for many Americans. That Civil Rights bill passed Congress in 1964 and became one of the hallmarks of American social policy (Lovey). The Supreme Court joined the civil rights forces in the 1950s, while adding to the historical pressure for sweeping legislation. After World War II, the federal courts began to protect the civil rights of minorities in specific circumstances, gradually making it possible for African Americans to participate in some activities on an equal basis with whites. The Supreme Court took its most memorable step in this direction when it agreed in 1954 to hear a case dealing with racial segregation in public schools. The practice of separating African American and white children in public schools had always been unpopular among civil rights leaders. These civil rights leaders saw proper education as a means for African Americans to escape racial discrimination. They argued that the segregation in schools doomed African Americans to inferior education and deprived whites and African Americans of an important educational experience. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court struck down the legal support for maintaining â€Å"separate but equal† educational facilities (Public Broadcasting Service). Although political pressures prevented President John F. Kennedy’s administration from proposing legislation to Congress in 1961 and 1962, the President took steps to ensure minority rights in voting, employment, housing, transportation, and education. The stage was set for a new legislative initiative to deal with the problem of federal protection of civil rights. Until the New Deal, blacks had shown their loyalty to the party of Abraham Lincoln by voting Republican. By the end of Roosevelts first administration, however, one of the most dramatic voter shifts in American history had occurred. In 1936, 75 percent of black voters supported the Democrats. Blacks turned to Roosevelt, mostly because his spending programs gave them a measure of relief from the Depression and the Republican Party had done little to repay their earlier support. Following the 1955 unification of the American Federation of Labor with the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the AFL-CIO became an ally of civil rights organizations. Martin Luther King spoke of the shared goals of the civil rights and labor movements, noting in his 1961 address to the fourth AFL-CIO national convention that both African Americans and union members were fighting for decent wages, fair working conditions, livable housing, old age security, health and welfare measures, conditions in which families can grow, have education for their children, and respect in the community. New Deal free essay sample ProgressAdministrationAt the darkest hour of the Great Depression, Franklin Delano Roosevelt entered the White House in 1932, promising a new deal for the American people. The package of legislative reforms that came to be known as the New Deal permanently and dramatically transformed the politics and economy of the United States. In the field of relief, the New Deal proved to be highly successful. However, in terms of reform, the New Deal legacy may have been unmatched in American history. Although the new deal temporarily ramped up industry to meet the demand for war goods, thus displaying its temporary effectiveness, droves of workers were kept out of jobs and the government expanded its role in our economy and changed the federal government for the rest of American time. Through the numerous relief programs, the temporary effectiveness of the New Deal can clearly be seen. The opinions of many politicians from The Evening Star are seen in Document C. We will write a custom essay sample on New Deal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was written in the middle of the New Deal Era in 1934 and seems to be in complete support of the actions of the New Deal. In it the viewer is able to see the government and its policies evolving. Rather than a revolution, a forcible overthrow of a government for a new system, it is evolution, the gradual development of something. The picture depicts a scholarly man transforming into a growing, functional tree. Essentially the political cartoon is displaying that an economy can grow without artificial regulation necessarily, as a natural progress, and just like a tree, can potentially live forever. With an adequate amount of care a tree can function and grow even more so. This idea corresponds directly with the New Deal for it, through government care, is only a part of the economy evolving, a natural process. With this document the potential effectiveness of the New Deal can be seen. In document E, the Social Security Act is promoted in an advertisement towards the end of the New Deal Era. The Act responded to the pitfalls of old age, poverty, unemployment, dependent widows, and fatherless children by providing benefits to retirees and the unemployed, as well as a lump-sum at death. President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly. It combated the widespread poverty among senior citizens. The government program provided income to retired wage earners. The Act benefited numerous people, and to this day is still one of the most popular government programs. Through the advertisement the public is given a friendly invitation into the application of social security therefore displaying the openness and the potentially benefit for the community. Thus, the effectiveness of the New Deal is clear. Document G is directly from the NBC radio broadcast in December of 1936, the last year of the new deal. The broadcast holds opinions regarding the unions during the New Deal Era. It states that employers have failed to enforce the use of unions and labor unrest had been created. In contrast, many believed Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s administration to be beneficial for organized labor. FDR needed the support of labor, and labor needed the support of the national government. He urged the passage of the National Labor Relations Act which increased the rights of unions and created the National Labor Relations Board. The Taft-Hartley Labor Act was amended to enlarge the powers of the NLRB and allowed the government to intervene in strikes affecting the nations safety or health. The NRA set minimum wages and maximum hours. It eliminated child labor and established the right of workers to organize. This, as opposed to Document G, allowed for collective bargaining. Despite the unconstitutionality of the NRA, in 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed which set minimum wages and a maximum work week of 40 hours. Although the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed after the New Deal Era, the effectiveness and legacy of the New Deal can be seen in the follow up with labor laws and wages. The ideals of the New Deal Era prove its effectiveness that can still be seen today. Furthermore, the relief programs greatly expanded the federal government, which, such as the effectiveness of the New Deal, can still be seen today. The unnecessary and unjust regulation of interstate commerce can be seen in Document F. In it the reader can see the opinion of Charles Evans Hughes, a lawyer and Republican politician. Potential bias can be seen in the document for the New Deal made the Democratic Party the majority party during the Era; partly because the New Deal programs of FDR created a liberal political alliance made up of labor unions, blacks and other ethnic and religious minorities, intellectuals, the poor, and some farmers. These groups became the backbone of the Democratic Party for decades following the Depression. Hughes notes one of the changes in behavior of the federal government. This period, more than any other, defined the federal government as an active and extensive participant in regulating the nations private economy. Politicians can note the federal government’s new attempt to regulate businesses to a larger extent. The new regulation of interstate commerce reveals the government as much more controlling than in past years and begins to expand the powers of the federal government. The change in the federal government can clearly be seen through Document F. As opposed to Document F, Document H from The New Republic in May of 1940 pinpoints the successes of the New Deal. The document reviews the New Deal and has a potential bias towards the positive aspects of it, essentially implying that there were no flaws. It states the new strength and renovation of government. The New Deal instituted a number of reforms in almost every area of the economy: finance, agriculture, labor, industry, and consumer protection; each of which are government programs. Although, contrasting this document, conservatives argue that the New Deal brought too much government intervention in the economy, as seen in Document F. However the New Deal did carry a great accomplishment, it maintained and even restored the faith of the American people in their government. The new deal expanded government’s role in our economy, by giving it the power to regulate previously unregulated areas of commerce. Those primarily are being banking, agriculture and housing. The author of such editorial clearly approved of the expansion of government for they point out the new strength in the executive branch and the courts, both of which had changed due to the federal government. However in Document D, the economic reality of the government programs can be seen. It was written two years before the termination of the New Deal Era and states the large addition to the national debt due to the government programs. The New Deal changed the way businesses operated to help make sure people were paid more fairly. All the New Deal programs were paid for, and run by, the government; and thus, the government’s debt grew a great deal. The U. S. debt was 22 billion dollars in 1933 and grew by 50 percent in the three years that followed, reaching 33 billion dollars. For example the Federal Emergency Relief Administration gave five million dollars to states, cities, and towns, in efforts to repair the once â€Å"broken† places. Furthermore the Works Progress Administration put people into work in their own communities. However this was the New Deal’s most expensive program at 11 billion dollars. Although the New Deal programs did give hope to the American people, because of the over expansion of federal government as well as the large addition to the national debt, the New Deal’s effectiveness economically declines. The New Deal’s apparent natural course, social security, and enforcement of unions clearly display its effectiveness for the American people. However, speaking economically, the New Deal brought the nation even further into national debt and greatly expanded their powers into unnecessary aspects, such as interstate commerce. For the sake of the American people and uplifting their spirits from the downturn during the Great Depression, the New Deal was extremely effective. However, because of large change in federal government and deeper entry into national debt, the New Deal loses some of such effectiveness. Because of reasons presented, it is that the New Deal was effect and greatly changed the federal government. New deal free essay sample Predictably, Roosevelt’s New Deal came under attack from the right, from Republicans, conservative Democrats, bankers, and Wall Street financiers who claimed that it doled out too many federal handouts. Many of these critics also feared that the policy and programs involved were a dangerous step toward socialism and the destruction of the American capitalist system. Such misgivings were understandable given the political atmosphere in the 1930s, as communism was becoming a more imminent threat. In fact, Soviet agents in the United States went so far as to launch a â€Å"popular front† campaign to actively support the president. Moreover, an unprecedented number of people joined the American Communist Party during the decade. Perhaps more surprising, the New Deal also came under attack from the far left. Many socialist activists denounced the New Deal because they believed that it was too conservative and that it did not provide enough relief and assistance. We will write a custom essay sample on New deal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over the years, many historians have tended to agree with this argument. Several have argued that the Great Depression would not have been so devastating for so long had Roosevelt handed more federal money out to a greater number of Americans. Coughlin and Long One of the most vocal of Roosevelt’s critics was Father Charles Coughlin. A Catholic priest from Michigan, Coughlin began broadcasting a weekly radio show in 1930 that outwardly criticized the New Deal. Within a few short years, Coughlin had amassed a following of 40 million listeners who agreed with his anti–New Deal opinions. He blamed the Great Depression on Wall Street, crooked financiers, and Jews and campaigned for the nationalization of the entire American banking system. Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana was another major thorn in Roosevelt’s side, albeit from the left rather than the right. Long was among those who believed that the New Deal was not doing enough to help Americans. Believing that income inequality had caused the depression, he promoted his own â€Å"Share the Wealth† program (sometimes referred to as theâ€Å"Every Man a King† program), which would levy enormous taxes on the rich so that every American family could earn at least $5,000 a year. Long enjoyed enormous popularity during the first few years of Roosevelt’s first term but was assassinated in 1935. The Works Progress Administration The first major legislation that Roosevelt and Congress passed in the Second New Deal—in response to the critics—was the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Created in 1935, the WPA was an effort to appease the â€Å"Longites† who clamored for more direct assistance from the federal government. The WPA was similar to the Public Works Administration of the First New Deal, this time hiring nearly 10 million Americans to construct new public buildings, roads, and bridges. Congress dumped over $10billion into the projects in just under a decade. The Social Security Act Congress also passed the Social Security Act in 1935, creating a federal retiree pension system for many workers, funded by a double tax on every working American’s paycheck. The act also created an unemployment insurance plan to provide temporary assistance to those who were out of work, while also making funds available to the blind and physically disabled. Furthermore, Congress agreed to match federal dollars for every state dollar allocated to workers’ compensation funds. Despite its vocal critics, the Social Security Act had an enormous impact on Great Depression–era Americans and future generations. It brought the most sweeping change of the Second New Deal legislation as it not only gave income to some of the most destitute in society but also forever changed the way Americans thought about work and retirement. The paycheck taxes were advertised as a personal retirement savings plan even though those tax dollars were actually being redistributed as soon as they were collected. Nevertheless, retirement came to be seen as something every worker could enjoy. Still, many criticized the Social Security system for not extending pensions to enough people, particularly unskilled black and women laborers. Legislation for Farmers and Homeowners The Second New Deal provided even more assistance to farmers. After the Supreme Court declared the Agricultural Adjustment Administration unconstitutional in 1936, Democrats immediately responded with the passage of the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act that same year. This act continued to subsidize farmers to curb overproduction and also paid them either to plant soil-enriching crops (instead of wheat) or to not grow any crops at all. In 1938, Congress also created a Second Agricultural Adjustment Administration to reduce crop acreage. Meanwhile, the United States Housing Authority (USHA), created by Congress in 1937, gave assistance to American urbanites, building new houses for over half a million Americans. The Indian Reorganization Act Native Americans also received federal assistance during Roosevelt’s second term. In 1934, Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act(IRA) to promote tribal organization and give federal recognition to tribal governments. The IRA also reversed the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act, changing the relationship between various tribes and the federal government. The Dawes Act had weakened tribal affiliations because it stated that only individual Native Americans—not tribal councils—could own land. Despite Roosevelt’s efforts to alleviate Native American suffering, however, the IRA was only partially successful. Some tribes had difficulty understanding the terms of the new treaty, while others, such as the Navajo in the Southwest, flat-out rejected it. Many tribes saw more immediate benefit from relief programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps, Public Works Administration, and Works Progress Administration, in which nearly 100,000 young Native American men participated. Labor Reforms These labor reforms had a lasting effect on America. The Wagner Act paved the way for more effective collective bargaining and striking, and within a year, fledgling labor unions had I-line workers in the General Motors automobile factory, for example, used the Wagner Act to initiate a series of sit-down strikes, in which workers would sit at their stations and refuse to leave, preventing the company from hiring new, non-union â€Å"scab† workers to fill in for the strikers. By 1937, General Motors had recognized its workers’ right to organize. The Election of 1936 With the 1936 presidential election on the horizon, Republicans stood virtually no chance against Roosevelt and his party. Democrats’ efforts to provide relief, recovery, and reform were highly visible. Roosevelt had especially strong support among blacks (voting as Democrats in large numbers for the first time), unskilled laborers, and residents of the West and South. The Republican nominee was Kansas governor Alfred M. Landon, a moderate who campaigned on an anti–New Deal platform. Not surprisingly, Roosevelt won a landslide victory, with 523 electoral votes to Landon’s 8. Roosevelt’s resounding victory proved that Americans widely supported the New Deal. he First Hundred Days Americans voted for Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 on the assumption that the Democrats would dole out more federal assistance than Hoover and the Republicans had. Indeed, immediately after taking the oath of office, FDR set out to provide relief, recovery, and reform in his bundle of programs known as the New Deal. Roosevelt drew much of his inspiration for the New Deal from the writings of British economist John Maynard Keynes, who believed that a government’s deficit spending could prime the economic pump and jump-start the economy. With the support of a panicked Democratic Congress, Roosevelt created most of the â€Å"alphabet agencies† of the First New Dealwithin his landmark First Hundred Days in office. The Banking Acts On March 6, 1933, two days after becoming president, Roosevelt declared a five-day national bank holiday to close banks temporarily. During Hoover’s presidency, roughly 1,500 banks had closed each year, and FDR hoped that a short break would give the surviving banks time to reopen on more solid footing. Several days later, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which gave Roosevelt the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange. Several months later, Congress passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act to protect savings deposits. The act, in turn, created theFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured an individual’s savings of up to $5,000 (today, it insures deposits of up to $100,000). The act also regulated lending policies and forbade banks from investing in the stock market. After the banking crisis was resolved, Roosevelt aired the first of his â€Å"fireside chats† to over 50 million radio listeners, encouraging Americans to redeposit their money in the newly opened banks. The Civilian Conservation Corps In March 1933, Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which hired unemployed young men to work on environmental conservation projects throughout the country. For a wage of thirty dollars a month, men worked on flood control and reforestation projects, helped improve national parks, and built many public roads. Approximately 3million men worked in CCC camps during the program’s nine-year existence. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration The â€Å"Hundred Days Congress† also created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), in May 1933, to dole out roughly $500 million to the states. About half of this money was earmarked to bail out bankrupt state and local governments. States matched the other half (three state dollars for every one federal dollar) and distributed it directly to the people. FERA also created the Civil Works Administration (CWA), which helped generate temporary labor for those most in need. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration Roosevelt also encouraged the creation of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to assist America’s farmers. The AAA temporarily reset prices for farm commodities, including corn, wheat, rice, milk, cotton, and livestock, and then began subsidizing farmers to reduce production. Before the depression, many debt-ridden farmers had increased crop production in order to earn more money. Ironically, this increased production had led to overproduction, which flooded the market and drove prices down, forcing farmers to plant even more the next year in a never-ending cycle. The AAA, however, began paying farmers extra to plant less or destroy their surplus crops in order to raise prices again. Congress also passed the Farm Credit Act to provide loans to farmers in danger of bankruptcy. The AAA was quite controversial, as many critics wondered why landowners rather than sharecroppers and tenant farmers were receiving federal aid. Indeed, some landowners who received aid unjustly used it to purchase farm equipment, which had the potential to eliminate farm owners’ need for sharecroppers and tenant farmers entirely. Furthermore, many poorer and hungrier Americans were outraged that the government was paying farmers money to destroy perfectly edible crops in order to inflate prices. Despite these criticisms,  however, the AAA did manage to raise prices to their pre–World War I highs. The Tennessee Valley Authority Congress also created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), whose goal was to modernize and reduce unemployment in the Tennessee River valley, one of the poorest and hardest-hit regions in the country. The agency hired local workers to construct a ser ies of dams and hydroelectric power plants, which brought cheap electricity to thousands of people. The public corporation also created affordable employee housing, manufactured cheap fertilizer, and drained thousands of acres for farming. The TVA, like the AAA, was highly controversial. Many conservatives claimed that government production of electricity was a mild form of socialism and that it disrupted market prices too much. Competing electric companies also attacked the TVA for selling cheaper electricity and lowering their profits. Still, the TVA had such a profound impact on the economy and quality of life in the Tennessee River valley region that the federal government initiated similar projects throughout the West and South. Within a decade, many major U. S.  rivers were set up to produce hydroelectric power that provided both electricity and jobs. The National Industrial Recovery Act The 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act was the federal government’s first attempt to revive the economy as a whole. The bill created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to stimulate industrial production and improve competition by drafting corporate codes of conduct. The NRA also sought to limit production of c onsumer goods to drive up prices. Furthermore, the act helped set up the Public Works Administration(PWA) to construct public roads, bridges, and buildings. In accordance with Keynesian economic theories, Roosevelt believed that improving the public infrastructure would put more money into the economy. Restructuring American Finance Finally, Roosevelt also lobbied Congress to establish new regulations on the financial sector of the economy. After taking office, he took the country off the gold standard, which allowed citizens and foreign countries to exchange paper money for gold. To prevent people from hoarding the precious metal, the president also ordered all private gold stocks to be turned over to the U. S. Treasury in exchange for paper dollars. Congress also created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate trading on Wall Street and curb the out-of-control speculation that had led to the Crash of 1929. The Three Rs and Their Legacy Although the New Deal sometimes comes across as a cohesive package, much of the individual legislation passed during the First Hundred Days was conceived on the fly. So many special interest groups, such as big business and organized labor, were hounding the government for change that Roosevelt and Congress often felt they were being pulled in opposite directions. Nevertheless, the New Deal policies did much to get Americans back on their feet. They not only provided relief, recovery, and reform but also drastically changed the federal government’s role in politics and society. Roosevelt’s successful application of Keynes’s economic theories transformed the Democrats into social welfare advocates. Even decades after the Great Depression, Democratic politicians would continue fighting for more government intervention in the economy, redistribution of wealth, and aid for the neediest. Relief Much of the legislation that the Hundred Days Congress drafted doled out immediate relief for the American people that President Hoover and the Republicans had failed to provide. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration’s relief assistance, for example, provided millions of Americans with enough money to make ends meet. The Civil Works Administration put the unemployed to work, and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the National Recovery Administration, and the Public Works Administration kept millions of others alive as well. Americans were so relieved by the federal government’s quick action that many became die-hard Democrats and Roosevelt fans. The president’s optimism and can-do attitude, combined with the success of his immediate relief programs, made him almost politically untouchable during his first term. Recovery Many of the same programs designed to provide immediate relief were also geared toward long-term economic recovery. The Civilian Conservation Corps  and the Public Works Administration put millions of men to work not only to keep them employed but also to improve the national infrastructure. When the United States finally emerged from the Great Depression during World War II, it had hundreds of new roads and public buildings, widespread electrical power, and replenished resources for industry. Reform The third goal of the New Deal policies was to reform the banking and financial sector of the economy to curb bad lending practices, poor trading techniques, and corruption. The president’s decision to take the country off the gold standard proved to be a smart move because it boosted people’s confidence in the U. S. dollar. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, created under the Glass-Steagall Act, eliminated untrustworthy banks that had plagued the country for more than a century. Once Americans became confident that their funds would be safe, the number of bank deposits surged. Likewise, the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1934, which weeded out bad investment habits, gave Americans more confidence in the stock market. The Good Neighbor Policy Although foreign policy often got lost in the shuffle amid the domestic economic concerns of the New Deal, Roosevelt did create a major international initiative with Latin America in the Good Neighbor Policy of1933 and 1934. As part of the initiative, Roosevelt embarked on a tour of the region; signed new, friendlier treaties with several Latin American countries; pledged to avoid military intervention in Latin America; and shunned the (Theodore) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine by withdrawing troops from several countries.

Inheritance Tax Essay Sample - Property

Inheritance Tax Essay Sample - PropertyThe inheritance tax rule gives you an example of how to write a portion of the inherited possessions essay sample that will show that a large amount of the items are personal property and not assets. These possessions will be owned by the beneficiary. The value of these possessions is equal to the fair market value as determined by an expert appraisal performed by the IRS.When your account is valued as an asset it is more valuable. This is the reason why the IRS has a higher interest in valuing your account as an asset. So, when preparing a part of the inheritance tax rule, you need to decide what is the fair market value of the item.The accounting and ownership structure of the item can be an issue as well. Some items are real estate and if you were buying or selling this item, it would be the piece that the IRS looks at first. It would be important to understand the property's value in this respect before preparing the inheritance tax rule. Th e most valuable assets are those that have multiple streams of income.If you have five different sources of income such as your retirement plan and your two 401K's you have many streams of income. These are assets. Valuing all of these streams of income as assets will save the IRS from paying taxes on all of them at once.If your Inherited Possessions Essay Sample includes assets such as this you need to have a paper trail to prove that the assets are yours. The asset also needs to be appraised by an expert so that the proper tax is paid.Those who inherit money may find themselves in the position of claiming a lower rate of Inherances Taxes. You should look at each situation as a separate situation and decide if it can be done. It is always wise to be aware of the possible changes and to be prepared for them.All of the possessions listed in the example above are personal property. They do not belong to anyone else other than the heir and they are not assets. Therefore, if you have no intention of passing the inheritance to anyone else, you can include in your Inheritance Tax Rule any possession that is not deemed to be an asset.You will want to follow the guidelines for the Inheritance Tax to ensure that everything is properly documented. Once the papers are written, you will want to prepare the Inheritance Tax Returns for the year that you leave the house to the IRS. This is an excellent opportunity to sell the house if you want to and to remove yourself from any future Inheritance Taxes.